... isometric muscle–tendon units have the potential to act as tension struts, forming links in linkages that avoid the demand for mechanical work-cycling in the first place. Here, forelimb and hindlimb structures and geometries of quadrupeds are considered in terms of linkages that avoid mechanical work...

...Aaron M. Olsen ABSTRACT Closed kinematic chains (CKCs), links connected to form one or more closed loops, are used as simple models of musculoskeletal systems (e.g. the four-bar linkage). Previous applications of CKCs have primarily focused on biomechanical systems with rigid links and permanently...

...Stuart Parsons; Daniel K. Riskin; John W. Hermanson SUMMARY Linkage of echolocation call production with contraction of flight muscles has been suggested to reduce the energetic cost of flight with echolocation, such that the overall cost is approximately equal to that of flight alone. However...

... by Company of Biologists 1992 ventilation breathing locomotion linkage horse Equus caballus It has been observed that some running and hopping animals synchronize their ventilation and locomotion. Horses, dogs and hares all take exactly one breath per stride when they canter and gallop...

... nf t and body mass can be described by the equation n f t =5.02 M f -0.18 . The significance of these results is discussed in relation to models of mechanical linkage between respiratory and locomotory movements. 15 11 1991 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 breathing linkage...