... the shape of the length trajectory did not vary significantly with flight speed. In both species the observed changes in muscle recruitment and length trajectory are consistent with meeting flight power requirements that vary in a U-shaped pattern with speed. Both species utilised intermittent flight...

.... * e-mail: [email protected] 14 5 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 barn swallow Hirundo rustica house martin Delichon urbica wingbeat pattern intermittent flight effective wingbeat frequency wind tunnel free flight flight costs...

... flight of hirundines rarely consists of regular patterns of flapping and rest phases. To vary mechanical power output, both species used intermittent flight, controlling the number of single, pulse-like wingbeats per unit time. House martins in descent tended to concentrate their wingbeats into bursts...

...Bret W. Tobalske; Wendy L. Peacock; Kenneth P. Dial ABSTRACT It has been proposed elsewhere that flap-bounding, an intermittent flight style consisting of flapping phases interspersed with flexed-wing bounds, should offer no savings in average mechanical power relative to continuous flapping unless...

... of Biologists Limited 1995 European starling Sturnus vulgaris intermittent flight flight electromyography muscle kinematics flap-glide flap-bound partial-bound power output Many species of birds exhibit intermittent flight in which flapping phases are regularly interrupted by phases...

... Melopsittacus undulatus intermittent flight electromyography kinematics Most species of birds do not flap their wings continuously during flight. Rather, they exhibit one of two intermittent flight styles termed undulating and bounding ( Lighthill, 1977 ; Rayner, 1977 , 1985 ; Alexander, 1982...

...Adrian L. R. Thomas; Gareth Jones; Jeremy M. V. Rayner; Patricia M. Hughes ABSTRACT The pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus intersperses wingbeats in flapping flights with brief (0.1–0.3 s) glides. This undulating intermittent flight mode probably saves energy in flight. In large flight cages...