.... Previous modelling studies have shown that tissue inertia acts to slow the rate of force development and maximum velocity of muscle during shortening contractions and decreases the work and power per cycle during cyclic contractions; however, these results have not yet been confirmed by experiments...

... principle, we used mechanical modeling based on time-varying 3D inertia properties of individual sections of the pigeon's body to separate angular accelerations of the torso based on aerodynamics from those based on inertial effects. Directly measured angular accelerations of the torso were predicted...

... in the analysis of flapping flight. † Present address: Department of Biology, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA * Author for correspondence ( jiriarte@uchicago.edu ) 25 1 2011 © 2011. 2011 flight inertia kinematics upstroke bat center...

... of Biologists Limited 2009 2009 inertia gait Floquet multipliers nonlinear Maintaining a stable walking pattern is a complex motor task since the body's acceleration is constantly changing throughout the gait cycle. For example, during the first half of stance, the center of mass decelerates...

..., with the exception of head–neck axial pitch during trots, in which equine arc lengths were smaller than in running humans. Unlike monkeys and humans, equine head peak-frequency ranges fell within the estimated range in which inertia has a compensatory stabilizing effect. This inertial effect was typically over...

...John K. De Witt; R. Donald Hagan; Ronita L. Cromwell SUMMARY The addition of inertia to exercising astronauts could increase ground reaction forces and potentially provide a greater health benefit. However,conflicting results have been reported regarding the adaptations to additional mass (inertia...

... Limited 2004 2004 cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus flight inertia accelerometer Our main goals in this study were twofold: (1) to investigate the variation in instantaneous aerodynamic force production during the wingbeat cycle of birds flying across a range of steady speeds and (2...

... saturated. Mean peak frequencies of vertical translations and pitch rotations of the head ranged from 1 Hz to 2 Hz, a lower frequency range than that in which inertia is predicted to be the major stabilizer of the head in these species. Some variables, which were common to both walks and gallops in both...

... accelerometer for free-flying birds. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 , 4394 -4397. Usherwood, J. R. and Ellington, C. P. ( 2002 ). The aerodynamics of revolving wings. I. Model hawkmoth wings. J. Exp. Biol. 205 , 1547 -1564. Van den Berg, C. and Rayner, J. M. V. ( 1995 ). The moment of inertia of bird...

... inertia oxygen consumption It was suggested many years ago that freely diving birds are unlikely to exhibit the pronounced reduction in oxygen consumption that occurs in forcibly submerged animals ( Scholander, 1940 ; Eliassen, 1963 ). The fact that voluntary dives are usually of relatively...

... to be behind the centre of torsion of the wing, and it is proposed that wing inertia about the torsional axis alone is responsible for pitch changes as the wing is accelerated at stroke reversal. A simplified inertial model is developed to calculate the angular velocity about the torsional axis that would...