... Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0192, USA. 02 06 1986 © 1986 by Company of Biologists 1986 bird flight wake induced power The work described here is a follow-on to an earlier study by Spedding, Rayner & Pennycuick (1984) , in which...

... includes the interactive energy of successive rings in the wake. The magnitude of this is assumed to be small, as is indicated by the wake photographs; it is estimated for the predicted wake as 0· 14 J, approximately 10 % of the estimated self-energy, and accordingly has been ignored. Induced power...