... hypaxial muscles contract at high bilaterally synchronous rates (up to 120 Hz) in near perfect association with rapid inward buckling visible outside the body over the anterior swim bladder. Muscle activity often showed EMG doublets that occurred within the time of a single sound pulse...

... mechanisms in vertebrates. Exp. Biol. 4 , 11 -28. Carrier, D. R. ( 1990 ). Activity of the hypaxial muscles during walking in the lizard Iguana iguana. J. Exp. Biol. 152 , 453 -470. Carrier, D. R. ( 1991 ). Conflict in the hypaxial musculo-skeletal system: documenting an evolutionary...

...Stephen M. Deban; David R. Carrier SUMMARY The axial muscles of terrestrial vertebrates serve two potentially conflicting functions, locomotion and lung ventilation. To differentiate the locomotor and ventilatory functions of the hypaxial muscles in mammals, we examined the locomotor...

...Wallace O. Bennett; Rachel S. Simons; Elizabeth L. Brainerd SUMMARY The function of the lateral hypaxial muscles during locomotion in tetrapods is controversial. Currently, there are two hypotheses of lateral hypaxial muscle function. The first, supported by electromyographic (EMG) data from...

... Amphibia Lissamphibia Urodela hypaxial muscle salamander Ambystoma tigrinum The larvae of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum live entirely in water until their metamorphosis into terrestrial adults. The larvae exhibit several features which specialize them for obtaining oxygen from...