... of the developing brain. Brain development Hydrodynamic forces Fluid flow The ventricular cavities of the brain are covered by ependymal cells bearing motile cilia ( Worthington and Cathcart, 1966 ), which are whip-like organelles that can propagate bending waves and produce fluid flow over the cell...

... hydrodynamic forces; this adhesion is plastic and varies as a function of rock type and native population. Echinoid Hydrodynamic forces Surface roughness Tenacity Tube feet In the wave-dominated nearshore open coast, hydrodynamic forces dictate key ecological parameters such as species...

...Nicholas P. Burnett; M. A. R. Koehl ABSTRACT The resistance of macroalgae to damage by hydrodynamic forces depends on the mechanical properties of their tissues. Although factors such as water-flow environment, algal growth rate and damage by herbivores have been shown to influence various material...

...Mark Denny; Katharine Mach; Sarah Tepler; Patrick Martone SUMMARY Intertidal organisms are subjected to intense hydrodynamic forces as waves break on the shore. These repeated insults can cause a plant or animal's structural materials to fatigue and fail, even though no single force would...

...Iman Borazjani; Fotis Sotiropoulos; Edwin Malkiel; Joseph Katz SUMMARY We integrate high-resolution experimental observations of a freely hopping copepod with three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate the role of the copepod antennae in production of hydrodynamic force during hopping...

... to their extreme flexibility and the concomitant tendency to ‘go with the flow’, a tendency that reduces the hydrodynamic forces imposed on the plant. However, the flexibility of giant kelps carries with it the potential for the organism to apply an inertial load to its own structure if the blade mass reaches...

...Brian Gaylord; Mark W. Denny ABSTRACT Wave action on exposed rocky coasts can be severe, generating large hydrodynamic forces that have been proposed to constrain the size of intertidal animals and plants. In contrast, flows subtidally are more benign, and organisms, particularly seaweeds, may grow...

... of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5X 1S6. ‡ Author for correspondence. 24 05 1996 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 swimming jet propulsion kinematics dynamics energetics muscle hydrodynamic forces viscoelasticity scallop...