... and flapping AoA, based on 3D free-hovering flight wing kinematics of a horned beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma . The relative simplicity of the model allowed us to search for the best AoA distributed along the wingspan, which generate the highest vertical force per unit power. We show that, although elastic...

..., and prepared the manuscript. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 12 4 2013 31 7 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Supracoracoideus pectoralis load-lifting air density reduction electromyography flight muscles hovering flight...

... flux at this reaction in glycolysis. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) † Deceased 6 7 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 allometry metabolism glycolysis hovering flight metabolic scaling orchid bee Orchid bees...

... program to investigate the size-dependence of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees. We succeeded in measuring rates of O 2 consumption and CO 2 production in vivo during hovering flight, as well as maximal activities( V max values) in vitro of key enzymes in flight muscle energy metabolism in nine...

...Mao Sun; Shi Long Lan SUMMARY Aerodynamic force generation and mechanical power requirements of a dragonfly ( Aeschna juncea ) in hovering flight are studied. The method of numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations in moving overset grids is used. When the midstroke angles of attack...

... 20 1 1998 5 3 1998 © 1998 The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 flight energetics hovering flight hummingbirds mechanical power output metabolic heat production muscle mechanical efficiency oxygen consumption temperature thermoregulation Archilochus colubris...

...York Winter; Christian Voigt; Otto Von Helversen ABSTRACT Glossophagine nectar-feeding bats exploit flowers while hovering in front of them. Aerodynamic theory predicts that power output for hovering flight in Glossophaga soricina is 2.6 times higher than during horizontal flight. We tested...

... . 10 3 1997 © 1997 The Company of Biologists Ltd. 1997 air density body mass flight feathers heliox hovering flight hummingbird Archilochus colubris lift coefficient moult muscle power and efficiency oxygen consumption wing area loss Moulting of the feathers must...

... air density body mass heliox hovering flight hummingbird hyperoxia muscle power oxygen consumption sexual dimorphism Archilochus colubris The mass-specific oxygen consumption of flying animals is markedly higher than that of running animals and is inversely proportional to body mass...

.../helium mixtures are hypodense and hypoxic; failure to sustain hovering flight occurred at 63 % of the density of sea-level air and at an oxygen concentration of 12 %. Air/heliox mixtures are hypodense but normoxic; failure in hovering occurred at 47 % of sea-level air density. Thus, hummingbirds...