... the thorax in flying blowflies by opening the valve flaps during wing upstroke and keeping the inner openings narrow. Auto-ventilation Insect respiration Tracheal pressure Tracheae Spiracles Haemolymph Opener muscle Oxygen supply CO 2 release Respiratory gas exchange in insects depends...

... solitary locusts compared with gregarious locusts. Moreover, despite similar rehydration levels, only gregarious locusts recovered their initial CO 2 accumulation capacity, indicating that cycle characteristics are affected by factors other than haemolymph volume. Haemolymph protein measurements...

... to the accumulation of CO 2 . Periodic heartbeat reversals continue during flight, with a higher period frequency than at rest, supporting the transport of CO 2 via the haemolymph towards the metathoracic tracheae and abdominal air sacs. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing...

.... In the blowfly, as in other insects with periodic heartbeat reversal, the haemolymph is periodically shifted between the anterior body and abdomen, exerting alternating pressure changes on the compliant tracheae in the thorax and in the abdomen. Simultaneous pressure and O 2 optode measurements show that, during...

...Austin Browne; Michael J. O'Donnell SUMMARY Ammonia is a toxic nitrogenous waste product of amino acid metabolism that may accumulate to high levels in the medium ingested by larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Here we report measurements of haemolymph NH 4 + concentration...

...Norman L. C. Ragg; H. Harry Taylor SUMMARY The abalone Haliotis iris retains the ancestral gastropod arrangement of a pair of bipectinate gills (ctenidia). The gills share a single branchial chamber, are supplied from a common haemolymph sinus and effectively support the whole of oxygen uptake...

... was recorded for Buthidae following severe desiccation. When desiccated, scorpions lose water primarily from the hepatopancreas, while haemolymph volume is more tightly regulated. However,the haemolymph volume of Scorpionidae decreases as a result of depletion of hepatopancreas water stores following severe...

.... quinquestriatus (571±39 mOsm l –1 ) had higher and less variable haemolymph osmolarities than the scorpionids occupying the same habitats (511±56 and 493±53 mOsm l –1 for S. m. fuscus and S. m. palmatus , respectively). In response to 10% mass loss when desiccated at 30°C, the haemolymph osmolarity of the two...

... toxic, whereas lack of glucose causes organ failure (presumably of the nervous system), and that sufficient haemolymph glucose can only be generated from trehalose by trehalase. The results also suggest that overt flight muscle trehalase is located in the plasma membrane with the active site accessible...

... treatments. † Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 8 4 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 arginine kinase osmoregulation haemolymph muscle blue crab Callinectes sapidus crustacean nuclear magnetic resonance salinity AK has been...

...Horst Onken; John Campbell McNamara SUMMARY The osmotic and ionic status of the haemolymph and the structural and ion-transport characteristics of the posterior gills of Dilocarcinus pagei , a hololimnetic crab, were investigated. Haemolymph osmolality was 386±18 mosmol kg –1 , while [Na...

... osmoregulation hyperosmotic stress haemolymph Hyperosmotic environments create osmotic pressure, favoring the movement of water out of the animal. This, in turn, can cause cell shrinkage and disturb many essential cellular processes. Sea water is the best known hyperosmotic environment, containing high...

...Fabrice Durand; Fabienne Chausson; Michèle Regnault ABSTRACT Carcinus maenas and Necora puber were exposed to air for 72 h and 18 h, respectively, at 18 °C. Changes in the free amino acid (FAA) content of their muscle, hepatopancreas and haemolymph were recorded during air-exposure and subsequent...

... maturation. The gradual decrease in the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids as the ovaries matured supports previously published results suggesting intra-ovarian synthesis of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Most of the lipids found in the female haemolymph (64.8 %) were recovered...

..., and the in the haemolymph was 8.2 kPa which fully saturated the haemocyanin with O 2 . The uptake of O 2 by red crabs was diffusion-limited and the diffusion coefficient ( L diff ) varied from 0.53 in resting crabs to 0.8 post-exercise. Post-exercise, red crabs experienced a mixed respiratory/metabolic acidosis which...

...) between unfed controls (dashed line) and experimental crabs are indicated by an asterisk. In control crabs, the mean ammonia concentration of prebranchial haemolymph was 81.2±6.9 μmol l −1 ( N =37). It remained at this level during the whole experimental period, as shown by immersed crabs bled...

... 26 2 1998 27 4 1998 © The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 freeze avoidance inoculative freezing resistance cuticle modification haemolymph season antifreeze protein epidermis beetle Dendroides canadensis Overwintering freeze-avoiding insects (those that die...

...Chris N. Airriess; Brian R. Mcmahon ABSTRACT Changes in cardiac function and arterial haemolymph flow associated with 6 h of emersion were investigated in the crab Cancer magister using an ultrasonic flowmeter. This species is usually found sublittorally but, owing to the large-scale horizontal...

... haemolymph sodium beetle Rhytinota praelonga . The ability of the tenebrionids to survive the dry season as adults is based on a number of behavioural and physiological adaptations. The adults spend the hot days hidden under stones and logs, where they avoid the high temperatures and low air...

... ammonia (NH 3 + NH 4 + ) in haemolymph display pronounced episodic changes, ranging from less than 1mmol l −1 to more than 50mmol l −1 . Elevated concentrations (>5mmol l −1 ) occur in discrete bouts lasting from 40min to more than 2h. Concomitant changes in total ammonia levels are seen in pleon fluid...