... of recurring aquatic hypoxia in its habitat. In normoxic water, A. gigas is reported to satisfy 70–80% of its O 2 requirement from the air while excreting 60–90% of its CO 2 to the water. If this pattern of gas exchange were to continue in severely hypoxic water, O 2 loss at the gills would be expected. We...

... Gas exchange Metabolic rate Ionocytes Ontogeny Australian Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923 PDE150101266 Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies Gill formation is an essential process in the early developmental stages of many aquatic...

... physiology Gas exchange Imagine it is a warm summer day and you are getting ready to dive down to the bottom of a deep pool. You prepare mentally, take a deep breath and kick off from the surface. For a human, with limited breath-hold capacity, it may seem obvious that you would dive with your lungs...

... to high vascularization (6.0 mm SVL). Functional, behavioral and morphological evidence suggests that double bubble-sucking increases the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange by separating expired, deoxygenated air from freshly inspired air to prevent mixing. Hyla versicolor , and possibly other hylid...

... Cephalopod Metabolism Oxygen Ammonia Gas exchange Cutaneous oxygen uptake, the acquisition of O 2 molecules from the environment into the skin, is likely to occur to some extent in nearly all animals by simple diffusion owing to an oxygen gradient from the environment into the skin tissue...

...Hugh S. Winwood-Smith; Craig R. White ABSTRACT Metabolic rate is commonly estimated from rates of gas exchange. An underappreciated factor that can influence estimates is patterns of pulmonary respiration. Amphibians display discontinuous respiratory patterns, often including long apnoeas...

...Lutz Thilo Wasserthal; Peter Cloetens; Rainer H. Fink; Lennard Knut Wasserthal ABSTRACT Following the discovery of flight motor-driven unidirectional gas exchange with rising P O 2 in the blowfly, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to visualize the organization of the tracheal system...

.... 12 9 2016 6 12 2016 © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2017 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Shunting in reptiles is ineffective for regulating gastric CO 2 supply but effectively reduces blood O 2 levels. Gas exchange Heart...

... exposure to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Gas exchange transients were evaluated in reference to predictions from a two-compartment model of CO 2 exchange to quantify the effects of the levels of hypoxia and hypercapnia, duration of hypercapnia (30–300 min) and body temperature (23 versus 33°C). For hypercapnia...

... assumed that the backswimmer air store does not act as a gas gill and that gas exchange with the water is negligible. This study combines measurements of dive characteristics under different exotic gases (N 2 , He, SF 6 , CO) with mathematical modelling, to show that the air store of the backswimmer...

.... destructans infection could cause disruption to passive gas-exchange pathways across the wing membranes, thereby causing a compensatory increase in water-intensive pulmonary respiration. We hypothesized that total evaporative water loss would be greater when passive gas exchange was inhibited. We found...

...Lutz T. Wasserthal ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that an efficient oxygen supply and removal of CO 2 in small flying insects are sufficiently performed by diffusion with open spiracles. This paper shows that in the tethered flying blowfly, gas exchange occurs by autoventilation and unidirectional...

... hyperventilation, or where ambient hypercapnia is in excess of haemolymph (>1% CO 2 ). In contrast, intratracheal O 2 levels fluctuated widely, but on average remained above 15% in normoxic (21% O 2 ) atmospheres. Decapitation caused the cockroaches to display discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs...

..., but spiders could remain inside for more than a day without renewal. Spiders appeared to enlarge the bells in response to higher O 2 demands and lower aquatic P O 2 . * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 5 4 2011 © 2011. 2011 arachnid gas exchange metabolic...

... of gas exchange surfaces: is there a universal function for pulmonary surfactant in animal respiratory structures? Integr. Comp. Biol. 47 , 610 -627. Rahn, H. and Paganelli, C. V. ( 1968 ). Gas exchange in gas gills of diving insects. Respir. Physiol. 5 , 145 -164. Sikes, E. K...

... blood returning from the lungs). By contrast, a large net right-to-left (R–L) shunt (pulmonary bypass) normally prevails during apnoea. The cardio–respiratory interaction and the changes in cardiac shunting have been suggested to improve pulmonary gas exchange but the benefits of L–R shunting...

..., but the ultimate physiological significance of this phenomenon in gas exchange has not been determined. Possible functions of this mechanism include to convectively transport air within or out of the body, to increase the local pressure within the tracheae,or some combination thereof. To determine whether tracheal...

...Emilie M. Gray; Timothy J. Bradley SUMMARY In this paper we demonstrate that the apparent pattern of gas exchange in insects, as observed using flow-through respirometry, is strongly affected by the rate of flow of air through the system. This is true not only because of the time constant...

...Nicole Heymann; Fritz-Olaf Lehmann SUMMARY During elevated locomotor activity such as flight, Drosophila satisfies its increased respiratory demands by increasing the total spiracle opening area of the tracheal gas exchange system. It has been assumed that in a diffusion-based system, each spiracle...

... 2006 2006 monotreme burrowing respiration gas exchange oxygen consumption echidna Short-beaked echidnas ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) are famous for many unusual characteristics, among them the ability to avoid capture or predation by `sinking' into the soil until only the tips...