... frequency and cruising speed for individual whales spanning a threefold variation in body length, corresponding to an order of magnitude variation in estimated body mass. Our results showed that oscillatory frequency decreases with body length (∝length −0.53) while cruising speed remains roughly invariant...

... variation impacts post-cranial swimming kinematics. Previous studies demonstrate that the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead have significantly different yaw amplitude, and we hypothesized that these species utilize varied frequency and amplitude of undulation along the body. We analyzed video of free...

... from the downstroke of the third wingbeat after take-off as per methods detailed in Crandell and Tobalske (2011) . Wing-tip velocities were converted into average and peak angular velocities (38.1 and 53.9 rad s −1 , respectively), and rotational frequencies (rpm) were calculated for each feather...

...Paul E. Nachtigall; Alexander Ya Supin ABSTRACT The frequency specificity of conditioned dampening of hearing, when a loud sound is preceded by a warning sound, was investigated in a bottlenose dolphin. The loud sounds were 5 s tones of 16, 22.5 or 32 kHz, sound pressure level of 165 dB root mean...

...Eric Parmentier; Orphal Colleye; David Mann SUMMARY Clownfish live in social groups in which there is a size-based dominance hierarchy. In such a context, sonic cues could play a role in social organisation because dominant frequency and pulse length of sounds are strongly correlated with fish size...

...Michael S. Caldwell; J. Gregory McDaniel; Karen M. Warkentin SUMMARY Incidental acoustic and vibrational cues generated by predators are a potential source of information for prey assessing risk. Substrate vibrations should be excited by most predators, and frequency, amplitude or temporal...

...Gabriël J. L. Beckers; Roderick A. Suthers; Carel ten Cate SUMMARY Birdsong assumes its complex and specific forms by the modulation of phonation in frequency and time domains. The organization of control mechanisms and intrinsic properties causing such modulation have been studied in songbirds...

... potential (AP)pulses at frequencies that correspond to trout heart rates in vivo at 7°C, 14°C and 21°C. Additionally, [Ca 2+ ] i and I Ca were examined with square (SQ) pulses at slow (0.2 Hz) and physiologically relevant contraction frequencies. The amplitude of[Ca 2+ ] i decreased with increasing...

...R. D. Bullen; N. L. McKenzie SUMMARY Wingbeat frequency (f w) and amplitude(θ w) were measured for 23 species of Australian bat,representing two sub-orders and six families. Maximum values were between 4 and 13 Hz for f w , and between 90 and 150° forθ w , depending on the species. Wingbeat...

.... Differences in myocardial Ca 2+ handling between fish and mammals suggest a greater energy cost of activation in fish. Further, while there is considerable evidence that heart rate (or cycle frequency) should have a profound effect on the efficiency of teleost cardiac muscle, this effect has been largely...

...W. J. BAILEY; H. C. BENNET-CLARK; N. H. FLETCHER SUMMARY For most insects, size determines the call frequency. This paper describes the acoustics of a small brachypterous cricket (Rufocephalus sp.;body length 9.6 mm) producing a call with a carrier frequency of approximately 3.2 kHz from...

... electromyograms. Single, simultaneous twitches of the bilateral sonic muscles produce a single sound pulse consisting of a two-to three-cycle acoustic waveform. Typical disturbance calls at 18 °C consist of trains of 2–15 pulses with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 74 dB re 20 μPa at 10 cm, a peak frequency...

...Mahasweta Girgenrath; Richard L. Marsh ABSTRACT Sound-producing muscles provide the opportunity of studying the limits of power production at high contractile frequencies. We used the work loop technique to determine the power available from the external oblique muscles in two related species...

...Claire L. Harwood; Iain S. Young; John D. Altringham ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of cycle frequency, strain and length on work and power output of isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ventricular preparations using the work loop technique. These effects are discussed...

... with high sound intensity, but the sound pulse frequency within calls in H. chrysoscelis is twice that in H. versicolor . In both species, sound pulse frequency is directly correlated with the active contractions of the trunk muscles. The length trajectory during contraction and relaxation displays a saw...

...-dependent nature of the SR Ca 2+ -release channel. At 22 °C and under control conditions, ryanodine reduced peak tension at all pacing frequencies (by approximately 50 % at 0.2 Hz, approximately 25 % at 1.2 Hz and approximately 20 % at 2.0 Hz), regardless of acclimation temperature. Therefore, the SR...

... in the male bat. Wingbeat frequency increased with total mass or wing loading, varying as M 0.61 in the female and M 0.44 in the male bat. Hence frequency, but not speed, changed with mass in the direction predicted by aerodynamic theory. These results were used in a mathematical model to predict wingbeat...

...C. J. Pennycuick ABSTRACT Wingbeat frequencies were observed in the field for 32 morphologically diverse bird species, representing 18 families, and ranging in mass from 20 g to nearly 5 kg. A combination of multiple regression and dimensional analysis was used to show that wingbeat frequency (f...