...David B. Baier; Brigid M. Garrity; Sabine Moritz; Ryan M. Carney ABSTRACT Crocodilians have played a significant role in evolutionary studies of archosaurs. Given that several major shifts in forelimb function occur within Archosauria, forelimb morphologies of living crocodilians are of particular...

... along the axis of, and normal to, the support were recorded. During walking, all primates displayed forelimbs that were net braking, and hindlimbs that were net propulsive. In contrast, both limbs served a propulsive role during climbing. In all species, except the lorisids, the hindlimbs produced...

... Taeniopygia guttata Diamond dove Geopelia cuneata Locomotion Hindlimb Forelimb Particle image velocimetry PIV Landing allows the transition from the air to the ground or other substrate. This phase is fundamental to flight, but is often overlooked in studies compared with take-off...

.... As humeral ROM occupies a more central role in forelimb movements, the placement of quantitative constraints on shoulder joint ROM could improve fossil reconstructions. Here, we investigated whether soft tissues affect the more mobile shoulder joint in the same manner in which they affect elbow joint ROM...

... the kinematics data for zebra finch and 92.1±0.4% for diamond dove ( Fig. 4 ). This indicates a combined action of the hindlimbs with the forelimbs, although the hindlimbs dominated. The wings started to unfold at the same moment as the acceleration profiles of ground reaction forces and kinematics start...

...Joel D. Hutson; Kelda N. Hutson SUMMARY Recent studies have presented range of motion (ROM) data in degrees for dinosaur forelimb joints, usually via physical manipulation of one individual. Using these data, researchers have inferred limb orientations, postures, gaits, ecological functions...

..., whereas the drag and drag coefficient of the lower jaw were 1449.1 N and 1.42. Similarly, the torque of the flippers (N m) was found to be 664.9 N m, whereas the torque of the lower jaw was found to be 579.8 N m. The cetacean forelimb is shaped like a hydrofoil in that it is dorsoventrally...

... such that there is little or no moment at the joint. If this is true, little or no external work is done at the proximal joints during constant-speed running. This possibility has important implications to the energetics of running and to the coupling of lung ventilation to the locomotor cycle. To test if the forelimb...