..., including long-distance migration. Oil spills Wind tunnel Flight energetics Quantitative magnetic resonance Kinematics Feathers are fundamental to avian form and function. They provide insulation for the maintenance of a high body temperature and homeothermy, they repel water and maintain...

... consumption and nectar load. Funct. Ecol. 3 , 417 -424. Apis mellifera thermoregulation flight energetics water loss wingbeat frequency bee Honeybees, like other large (>50-200 mg) insects of several orders,maintain high mechanical power production during flight by regulating...

... contribute to the observed trends. flight energetics thermoregulation muscle power efficiency bee Euglossa imperialis Euglossini Muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical work, and a byproduct of this process is the release of heat energy( Hill, 1938 ). Although heat represents...

... of vertebrate muscle . In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley ), pp. 37 – 55 . New York : Academic Press . Hails , C. J. ( 1979 ). A comparison of flight energetics in Hirundines and other birds . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A , 581 – 585 . 10.1016/0300-9629(79...

... foraging motivation thermoregulation flight energetics Like many other endothermic insects, honeybees regulate their thoracic temperature ( T th ) relatively well during flight over a substantial range of air temperatures ( T a ) ( Coelho, 1991 ; Heinrich, 1993 ). Thermal stability...

.... * Present address: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA (e-mail: [email protected] ) 03 03 1999 06 05 1999 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 thermoregulation flight energetics water...

[email protected] ) 22 5 1998 © The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 flight energetics thermoregulation water loss bee Centris pallida. For many insects, regulation of thoracic temperatures within narrow limits is critical for optimal flight muscle performance ( Coelho, 1991...

... 20 1 1998 5 3 1998 © 1998 The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 flight energetics hovering flight hummingbirds mechanical power output metabolic heat production muscle mechanical efficiency oxygen consumption temperature thermoregulation Archilochus colubris...

... value of 1 (oxidization of nectar sugar) to the measured value of 0.8. * e-mail: [email protected] 11 11 1997 22 12 1997 © 1998 by Company of Biologists 1998 gas exchange respiration hovering flight Glossophaga soricina bat flight energetics...

... by Company of Biologists 1993 aerodynamics bat Glossophaga soricina flight energetics induced velocity mechanical power It has long been of interest to estimate how much power is needed to keep an animal flying, from both theoretical and empirical points of view (reviewed by Norberg...

... with A. dorsata and A. florea as a relatively low-powered, open-nesting honeybee, in contrast to the more high-powered cavity-nesters, A. cerana and A. mellifera . 26 11 1990 © 1991 by Company of Biologists 1991 Apis flight energetics thermoregulation honeybees In general...