... the spines of P. volitans to determine mechanical properties (Young's modulus, elastic energy storage and flexural stiffness). The short and recurved anal and pelvic spines are stiffer and resist bending more effectively than the long dorsal spines. In addition, mechanical properties differ along the length...

... swimming behaviors, the flapping Gomphosus varius and the rowing Halichoeres bivittatus . To determine the spatial distribution of flexural stiffness across the fin, we performed three-point bending tests at the center of the proximal, middle and distal regions of four equally spaced fin rays. Pectoral fin...

..., exemplified by dorsal ridges and a well-pronounced transversal septum. In contrast, cross-sections of barn owl rachises were less profiled but had a higher second moment of area. Consequently, the calculated bending stiffness ( EI ) was higher in barn owls as well. The results show that flexural stiffness...

... during stroke reversal. The wing's local flexural stiffness ranges from 30 to 40 nN m 2 near the root, whereas the distal wing parts are highly compliant (0.6 to 2.2 nN m 2 ). Local bending moments during wing flapping peak near the wing root at the beginning of each half stroke due to both aerodynamic...

...), 12 h (paper-shell stage), and 7 days(hard-shell stage) following molting. We measured and compared the flexural stiffness, Young's modulus of elasticity (in tension), and tensile strength for each postmolt stage. We found that the hard-shell cuticle has a flexural stiffness fully four orders...

... organisms maintain upright postures in the water column by one of two mechanisms, stiffness or buoyancy. Turbinaria ornata is a tropical macroalga that uses either buoyancy or flexural stiffness ( EI ), depending on its flow habitat. This study used physical models of T. ornata to compare the effect...

.... Although many details of wing structure are well understood, the distribution of flexural stiffness in insect wings and its effects on wing bending are unknown. In this study, we developed a method of estimating spatial variation in flexural stiffness in both the spanwise and chordwise direction of insect...

... trends in wing venation remains unknown, and measurements of the mechanical properties of wings are rare. In this study, we address the relationship between venation pattern and wing flexibility by measuring the flexural stiffness of wings (in both the spanwise and chordwise directions) and quantifying...

...John H. Long, Jr; Magdalena Koob-Emunds; Benjamin Sinwell; Thomas J. Koob SUMMARY To determine the possible locomotor functions of the hagfish notochord, we measured its flexural stiffness EI (N m -2 ) and flexural damping C (kg m 3 s -1 ), under in vitro conditions that mimicked the body curvature...

...D. A. Kelly ABSTRACT Artificial inflation of corpora cavernosa from the nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) showed that the expansion of the tunica albuginea during erection increases both components of flexural stiffness: the second moment of area and Young’s modulus of elasticity...

... similarity) and distortive (constant stress, elastic similarity) allometric models. The mechanical properties of the metathoracic tibiae were measured using a dynamic, three-point bending technique. The flexural stiffness of metathoracic tibiae scaled to body mass raised to the power 1.53...