... . Summary: Mallard ducks use environment-specific locomotor patterns (i.e. kinematics and lateral gastrocnemius muscle strain patterns) during takeoff from water versus land. Joint motion Lateral gastrocnemius Stress Fascicle strain Work Power Navigating between terrestrial and aquatic...

... on recordings of EMG timing in relation to fascicle strain and joint torque patterns. In general, proximal muscles undergo larger strains when generating force, as inferred from EMG or from joint torques determined through inverse dynamics. Fascicle strains of proximal hind limb muscles also change their length...

... in the last half of stance. The magnitude of elbow flexion and shoulder extension increased with increasing speed (ANCOVA, P <0.05 and P <0.001), as did the magnitude and rate of active stretch of fascicles in the lateral head ( P <0.001 for both). In all individuals, shortening fascicle strain rates...

.... In vivo muscle–tendon forces,fascicle length changes and muscle activation were recorded via tendon force buckles, sonomicrometry and electromyography to evaluate the work performance and elastic energy recovery of the three distal MTUs. These recordings confirmed that fascicle strain and force within...