... systems. In this study, we analyzed the visual spectral sensitivity of the Chilean recluse spider Loxosceles laeta , a synanthropic species posing a significant threat to humans, using electroretinogram recordings of its three eye types and open field tests with localized chromatic illumination...

...John D. Kirwan; Josefine Graf; Jochen Smolka; Georg Mayer; Miriam J. Henze; Dan-Eric Nilsson ABSTRACT Onychophorans, also known as velvet worms, possess a pair of simple lateral eyes, and are a key lineage with regard to the evolution of vision. They resemble ancient Cambrian forms, and are closely...

...Holger Beckmann; Lars Hering; Miriam J. Henze; Almut Kelber; Paul A. Stevenson; Georg Mayer ABSTRACT Onychophorans typically possess a pair of simple eyes, inherited from the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda (Onychophora+Tardigrada+Arthropoda). These visual organs are thought to be homologous...

...Kevin van Doorn; Jacob G. Sivak SUMMARY The eyes of snakes are shielded beneath a layer of transparent integument referred to as the ‘reptilian spectacle’. Well adapted to vision by virtue of its optical transparency, it nevertheless retains one characteristic of the integument that would otherwise...

... sensitivity in the proximal retinas of both principal eyes of these larvae. As expected from their microvillar orientation, cells of type T1 are most sensitive to vertically polarized light, while cells of type T2 are most sensitive to horizontally polarized light. In addition, T3 cells probably constitute...

...Ajna S. Rivera; Nuri Ozturk; Bryony Fahey; David C. Plachetzki; Bernard M. Degnan; Aziz Sancar; Todd H. Oakley SUMMARY Many larval sponges possess pigment ring eyes that apparently mediate phototactic swimming. Yet sponges are not known to possess nervous systems or opsin genes, so the unknown...

...Srdjan Maksimovic; John E. Layne; Elke K. Buschbeck SUMMARY The principal eyes of sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus , larvae are among the most unusual eyes in the animal kingdom. They are composed of long tubes connecting bifocal lenses with two retinas: a distal retina situated...

... , and the blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus . Additionally, eye rotation and head yaw were quantified to determine if species compensate for large blind areas anterior to the head. The winghead shark possessed the largest anterior binocular overlap (48 deg.) and was nearly four times larger than...

...Srdjan Maksimovic; Tiffany A. Cook; Elke K. Buschbeck SUMMARY Larvae of the sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus , have a cluster of six stemmata (E1-6) and one eye patch on each side of the head. Each eye has two retinas: a distal retina that is closer to the lens, and a proximal retina...

... of zebrafish. Genetics 163 , 663 -675. Crescitelli, F. ( 1958 ). The natural history of visual pigments. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 74 , 230 -255. Crescitelli, F. ( 1991 ). The natural history of visual pigments: 1990. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 11 , 1 -32. Dann, S. G., Allison, W. T., Levin, D. B...

...Srdjan Maksimovic; John E. Layne; Elke K. Buschbeck SUMMARY Compound eyes are typically composed of hundreds to thousands of ommatidia,each containing 8–10 receptors. The maximal spatial frequency at which a compound eye can sample the environment is determined by the inter-ommatidial angle. Males...

...Melissa M. Coates; Anders Garm; Jamie C. Theobald; Stuart H. Thompson; Dan-Eric Nilsson SUMMARY Box jellyfish, or cubomedusae (class Cubozoa), are unique among the Cnidaria in possessing lens eyes similar in morphology to those of vertebrates and cephalopods. Although these eyes were described over...

... diameter in low levels of illumination. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 15 11 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 pupil eye cephalopod squid octopus Eledone cirrhosa cuttlefish Sepia officinalis Invertebrates display...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 13 1 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 otolith ocellus eye ascidian larva swimming behavior Ascidians are considered chordates, because their tadpole-like larvae share a basic body plan with those...

...Waltraud Pix; Johannes M. Zanker; Jochen Zeil* ABSTRACT The Strepsiptera are an enigmatic group of parasitic insects whose phylogenetic relationships are hotly debated. Male Strepsiptera have very unusual compound eyes, in which each of a small number of ommatidia possesses a retina of at least 60...

...Yoshiya Asano; Satoshi Nakamura; Sachiko Ishidas; Katsu Azuma; Takao Shinozawa ABSTRACT The presence of rhodopsin-like proteins in the eyes and auricles of the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica was confirmed using anti-frog-rhodopsin rabbit IgG. The apparent relative molecular masses...

...Axel Schmid ABSTRACT The Central American hunting spider Cupiennius salei Keys relies mainly on its mechanosensory systems during prey-catching and mating behaviour. The behavioural relevance of its eight eyes has not been studied before, although their optics and sensitivity suggest highly...

..., near to the fused ocellar retinae. Like ocellar L-neurones of other insects, or large second-order neurones of the fly compound eye, blowfly L-neurones hyperpolarise in response to increases in light intensity and depolarise in response to decreases in light intensity. Both polarities of response have...

...Jan-Olof Seyer ABSTRACT The winkle Littorina littorea (L.) has camera-type (simple) eyes. Light and electron microscopy were used to generate an accurate geometrical model of the eye, and this was used to predict the eye’s visual performance. The lens is spherical with a diameter of 112 μ m...

...M. F. Land; D.-E. Nilsson ABSTRACT Macrocypridina lives at depths of 800 m, where residual daylight is very weak. It has a pair of mobile apposition compound eyes with large lenses, wide rhabdoms and high acceptance angles, all of which contribute to a calculated sensitivity comparable...