... mechanisms enabling them to control their body posture at impact. This ability allows them to quickly prepare for the next jump. Biomechanics Jumping Exoskeleton Cuticle Bending For many insects, both flight and jumping movements are means of efficient and fast locomotion. In general...

...: Aquatic and terrestrial crabs experience different mechanical challenges that have little impact on their rigid skeleton but significant consequences for their hydrostatic skeleton that may constrain terrestrial crab size. Crustacea Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton Mechanical properties...

... , G. S. ( 2015 ). Reducing the energy cost of human walking using an unpowered exoskeleton . Nature   522 , 212 - 215 . 10.1038/nature14288 Díaz , I. , Gil , J. J. and Sánchez , E. ( 2011 ). Lower-limb robotic rehabilitation: literature review and challenges . J. Robot...

...Anna V. Ivanina; Halina I. Falfushynska; Elia Beniash; Helen Piontkivska; Inna M. Sokolova ABSTRACT The molluscan exoskeleton (shell) plays multiple important roles including structural support, protection from predators and stressors, and physiological homeostasis. Shell formation is a tightly...

... is regarded as mainly triggered and controlled by hormones, environmental factors may also affect ecdysis. For example, heavy metal loads in the exoskeleton of some arthropods may trigger the molting of terrestrial as well as marine arthropods, such as woodlice ( Raessler et al., 2005 ) and fiddler crabs...

...% (1.50 m s –1 ) and 140% (1.75 m s –1 ) of their preferred step length (L * ) at 1.25 m s –1 . In each condition subjects donned robotic ankle exoskeletons on both legs. The exoskeletons were powered by artificial pneumatic muscles and controlled using soleus electromyography (i.e. proportional...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY We examined healthy human subjects wearing robotic ankle exoskeletons to study the metabolic cost of ankle muscle–tendon work during uphill walking. The exoskeletons were powered by artificial pneumatic muscles and controlled by the user's soleus...

... is present in extremely high concentrations in the hemolymph of the crab during the premolt portion of the molt cycle. Both proteins are specifically expressed in the same type of cell in the hepatopancreas and secreted into the hemolymph, but cryptocyanin plays a major role in forming the new exoskeleton...

... behaviour and relates these changes to the development of the exoskeleton and jumping performance. In mature adults and intermoult larvae, the exoskeleton is strong and kicks can readily be elicited. Before and after the adult moult, when the exoskeleton is weak, kicks can be elicited less frequently, thus...

... locomotory systems. 5 2 1993 © 1993 by Company of Biologists 1993 strain locomotion gait exoskeleton crustaceans Ocypode quadrata crab Animals change gaits very much like we change gears when driving wheeled vehicles. Each gait transition is marked by an abrupt change...

... be as high as 10% of the total kinetic energy of the jump. 23 3 1992 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 skeletal scaling Schistocerca gregaria exoskeleton mechanical design flexural stiffness resilience The study of the relationship between body size and skeletal...