... to trigger excitotoxic cell death. Central neurons of the common goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) are hypoxia tolerant, but little is known about how goldfish retinas withstand hypoxia. To study the cellular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance, we isolated retinal interneurons (horizontal cells; HCs), and measured...

.../ischemic injury in the central nervous system. A key event is the over-stimulation of neuronal N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which leads to excitotoxic cell death. The similarity between the responses to acute ammonia toxicity and anoxia suggests that anoxia-tolerant animals such as the goldfish...

.../I is mediated by glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, as well as other events that lead to delayed apoptotic death. The immature brain differs from the adult in its sensitivity to all of these processes. Finally, the ultimate outcome of H/I in the immature brain is determined by the impact...