...Jan Stenum; Julia T. Choi ABSTRACT The metabolic cost of walking in healthy individuals increases with spatiotemporal gait asymmetries. Pathological gait, such as post-stroke, often has asymmetry in step length and step time which may contribute to an increased energy cost. But paradoxically...

... literature to both increase and decrease the energy cost (EC) of running, with DF reported to be highly variable in runners. As increasing running speed aligns running kinematics more closely with spring–mass model behaviours and re-use of elastic energy, we compared the centre of mass (COM) displacement...

... responses to experimental stressors are modulated according to breeding advancement in the king penguin. Acute stress Energy cost Fasting Heart rate Penguin Reproductive value Risk assessment Seabird Animals facing environmental disturbances respond by mounting a series of physiological...

... of the caudal end are passive during swimming. These predictions await verification or rejection through further experiments on swimming animals. * Author for correspondence ( tiwasaki@ucla.edu ) 6 10 2011 © 2012. 2012 anguilliform swimming control mechanism leech energy cost...

... increases relatively less than the normalised energy cost of locomotion. This suggests that young children have a lower efficiency of positive muscular work production than adults during walking. Differences in normalised mechanical work, energy cost and efficiency between children and adults disappear...

...François Vézina; Katrina G. Salvante; Tony D. Williams SUMMARY Little is known about the energy costs of egg production in birds. We showed in previous papers that, during egg production, European starlings( Sturnus vulgaris ) undergo a 22% increase in resting metabolic rate(RMR...

...: Department of Zoology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland. 12 01 1994 © 1994 by Company of Biologists 1994 pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus energy savings energy cost flight formation goose communication wing-tip spacing depth A striking feature...