... but not simple and/or were too weak to be detected via linear regression. Overall, combined exposure to ecologically relevant MeHg and unpredictable food stress during the breeding season does not appear to induce extra energetic costs for songbirds in the post-exposure period. However, MeHg effects on molt...

...: Connecting the legs with a spring assists runners in swinging their legs, enabling them to take faster, shorter, more efficient strides. Biomechanics Energetic cost Metabolic cost Gait Stride frequency Assistive device Running expends more energy than any other commonly used form...

... that the large claw does not increase energetic costs during sustainable locomotion. Following non-sustainable, strenuous locomotion, however, there was a trend for clawed crabs to have higher concentrations of lactate in their blood than declawed crabs, suggesting that bearing a large claw may increase...

... consumed the greater the volume filtered. Together, these data suggest that sponges have active control over the volume of water they process, which may be an adaptation to reduce the energetic cost of filtration in times of high stress. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing...

... Metabolic power Energetic cost The foot momentarily passes close to the ground about mid-way through each swing phase of walking. It does so with a peak speed over a stride, about three times walking speed ( Winter, 1992 ), thus presenting a risk of unexpected ground contact and therefore...

... 2015 Summary: Ankle push-off plays an important role of the energy expenditure of human walking, which can be explained by the mechanical work performed by the lower extremity joints. Ankle push-off Biomechanics Energetic cost Locomotion Dynamic walking model During human...

... of action potentials by cells in the PN, spinal cord and EO. Thus, to provide a biological context for the electric field estimates, we next consider the energetic cost of action potential generation in neurons. It is generally agreed that this cost arises primarily from the Na + /K + -ATPase, which...

... This work was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Blanc SVSE7, project ‘Bodyguard’] to F.T. and by the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies to J.B. Empirical data on energetic costs associated with manipulated behaviours in different systems are clearly required...

... of feeding time in waders preparing for spring migration from the Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania . Ardea 78 , 237 - 256 . annual cycle basal metabolic rate Calidris alpina dunlin energetic cost migration osmoregulation phenotypic flexibility shorebird Salinity has played an important...

...T. G. Valencak; F. Tataruch; T. Ruf SUMMARY European hares ( Lepus europaeus ) in central Europe have high energetic costs of reproduction, mainly due to precocial, rapidly growing young that rely largely on energy-rich milk. Thus, hares in this climate build up large fat stores during winter...

...Vielka L. Salazar; Philip K. Stoddard SUMMARY To understand the evolution of sexually dimorphic communication signals, we must quantify their costs, including their energetic costs, the regulation of these costs, and the difference between the costs for the sexes. Here, we provide the first direct...

... energetic cost References Airhart, J., Vidrich, A. and Khairallah, E. A. ( 1974 ). Compartmentation of free amino acids. for protein synthesis in rat liver. Biochem. J. 140 , 539 -548. Aoyagi, Y., Tasaki, I., Okumura, J. and Muramatsu, T. ( 1988 ). Energy cost of whole-body protein...

... energetic cost Chlamydomonas sp Extremely acidic aquatic environments, <pH 3, are rare in comparison to the neutral and slightly alkaline conditions that occur in open lakes and oceans ( Wetzel, 1975 ; Palmer et al., 1998 ). The Rio Tinto, in Southwestern Spain, is one such extreme...