... control the position of syringeal elements. The latter originate or insert outside the syrinx and probably affect the syrinx as a whole ( Gaunt, 1983 ). brain stimulation brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus endoscopic analysis muscle stimulation Northern...

[email protected] ). 29 05 1997 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 bird vocalization vocal mechanism endoscopic analysis syringeal muscle pigeon Columba livia In birds, sound communication is an important aspect of behavior and has been the subject of extensive study...