...Olga Panagiotopoulou; Todd C. Pataky; Zoe Hill; John R. Hutchinson SUMMARY Foot pressure distributions during locomotion have causal links with the anatomical and structural configurations of the foot tissues and the mechanics of locomotion. Elephant feet have five toes bound in a flexible pad...

...J. J. Genin; P. A. Willems; G. A. Cavagna; R. Lair; N. C. Heglund SUMMARY Elephants are the biggest living terrestrial animal, weighing up to five tons and measuring up to three metres at the withers. These exceptional dimensions provide certain advantages (e.g. the mass-specific energetic cost...

...Lei Ren; Melanie Butler; Charlotte Miller; Heather Paxton; Delf Schwerda; Martin S. Fischer; John R. Hutchinson SUMMARY As the largest extant terrestrial animals, elephants do not trot or gallop but can move smoothly to faster speeds without markedly changing their kinematics, yet with a shift from...

...John R. Hutchinson; Delf Schwerda; Daniel J. Famini; Robert H. I. Dale; Martin S. Fischer; Rodger Kram SUMMARY For centuries, elephant locomotion has been a contentious and confusing challenge for locomotion scientists to understand, not only because of technical difficulties but also because...

...Michael Garstang; David Larom; Richard Raspet; Malan Lindeque ABSTRACT Atmospheric conditions conducive to long-range transmission of low-frequency sound as used by elephants are found to exist in the Etosha National Park in Namibia during the late dry season. Meteorological measurements show...

...V. A. Langman; T. J. Roberts; J. Black; G. M. O. Maloiy; N. C. Heglund; J.-M. Weber; R. Kram; C. R. Taylor ABSTRACT Large animals have a much better fuel economy than small ones, both when they rest and when they run. At rest, each gram of tissue of the largest land animal, the African elephant...

...William R. Langbauer, JR; Katharine B. Payne; Russell A. Charif; Lisa Rapaport; Ferrel Osborn ABSTRACT We conducted 58 playback experiments with free-ranging African elephants in Etosha National Park, Namibia, to estimate the distance over which some of their low-frequency calls are audible...