...Géraldine von Uckermann; François M. Lambert; Denis Combes; Hans Straka; John Simmers ABSTRACT During swimming in the amphibian Xenopus laevis , efference copies of rhythmic locomotor commands produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) can drive extraocular motor output appropriate...

... and/or prevent sensory reafference. Corollary discharge Efference copy Spinal locomotion Trigeminal nerve Xenopus laevis During rhythmic locomotion, a number of otherwise independent movements are influenced by the rhythm of the motor commands. In vertebrates, such coupling is observed...

.... 11 5 2012 6 12 2012 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Polistes wasps head roll control vision efference copy feed-forward control modelling visuo-motor feedback loop gaze control Hymenopteran insects such as honeybees and solitary wasps...

... strategy of using an efference copy and frequency-tuned afferents to differentiate self from conspecific is appealing but equally unsubstantiated. Though both are present in vertebrates (e.g. Bell, 1981 ; Pickles, 1988), neither has yet been described in mosquitoes. Two additional hypotheses warrant...

... efference copy Gryllus bimaculatus Gryllus campestris. Antennae are important multimodal sense organs in insects (e.g. Fuldalewizc-Niemczyk and Rosciszewska, 1973 ; Schaller, 1978 ; Stengl et al., 1990). Unlike many other sense organs, antennae can be actively moved relative to the body...

... proprioception efference copy The electrosense of elasmobranch fish, like many other vertebrate sensory systems, is vulnerable to interference from stimuli created by the animal’s own activity. Electrical signals that are byproducts of the movements of the fish modulate the activity of its...

...). Frequency response characteristics of electroreceptors in weakly electric fish (Gymnotoidei) with a pulse discharge . J. comp. Physiol . 112 , 165 – 189 . 10.1007/BF00606536 Bell , C. C. (1982). Properties of a modifiable efference copy in electric fish . J. Neurophysiol . 47 , 1043...

... of the swimmerets, the NSRs receive an efference copy of the motor output to the limb whose movements they monitor. In vivo , therefore, the incoming sensory signal must be subject to modulation (gating) by the limb’s central pattern generator. Analogous central modulation of input from the serially homologous...