...Géraldine von Uckermann; François M. Lambert; Denis Combes; Hans Straka; John Simmers ABSTRACT During swimming in the amphibian Xenopus laevis , efference copies of rhythmic locomotor commands produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) can drive extraocular motor output appropriate...

... of the tentacles to streamline body shape and/or prevent sensory reafference. Corollary discharge Efference copy Spinal locomotion Trigeminal nerve Xenopus laevis During rhythmic locomotion, a number of otherwise independent movements are influenced by the rhythm of the motor commands...

.... 11 5 2012 6 12 2012 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Polistes wasps head roll control vision efference copy feed-forward control modelling visuo-motor feedback loop gaze control Hymenopteran insects such as honeybees and solitary wasps...

... matching behavior in mosquitoes. sound recognition efference copy frequency tuning rate and time coding Many comparative studies of hearing only consider cases in which the receiving animal is silent, but communication is a two-way street, so to speak, and receivers need to be senders...

... interneurone in the locust, Schistocerca gregaria . J. Comp. Physiol . 126 , 317 –325. Bell, C. C. ( 1981 ). An efference copy which is modified by reafferent input. Science 214 , 450 –453. Bell, C. C. ( 1982 ). Properties of a modifiable efference copy in an electric fish. J. Neurophysiol...

... proprioception efference copy The electrosense of elasmobranch fish, like many other vertebrate sensory systems, is vulnerable to interference from stimuli created by the animal’s own activity. Electrical signals that are byproducts of the movements of the fish modulate the activity of its...

... of the Mormyromast’s terminal arbor. This result suggests that only the first spike in the normal burst response to the fish’s EOD arrives at all the terminals of the axonal arbor. © 1989 by Company of Biologists 1989 electrosensory electroreception efference copy central expectation plasticity timing...

... of the swimmerets, the NSRs receive an efference copy of the motor output to the limb whose movements they monitor. In vivo , therefore, the incoming sensory signal must be subject to modulation (gating) by the limb’s central pattern generator. 30 08 1988 © 1989 by Company of Biologists 1989...