... and kinematics; see Glossary). The scaling of effective mechanical advantage (EMA; Fig. 3 ) itself is a distortion of this similarity but helps us to understand how some dynamic similarity is maintained with increasing size even if limb orientations are not. The trot–gallop gait transition is often employed...

... of movements ( Wolpert and Flanagan, 2001 ; Wise and Willingham, 2009 ; Wolpert et al., 2011 ), amending such control errors. List of abbreviations CG control group d effect size EMA effective mechanical advantage FFS forefoot strike pattern FSP foot strike pattern LTI...

..., effective mechanical advantage (EMA) and mechanical work. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected through growth from running ostriches. Joint moments scaled in a similar way to the pelvic limb segments as a result of consistent posture through growth, such that EMA was independent of body mass. Because...

... acceleration to be achieved. Simultaneous kinematic and kinetic data were collected for racing greyhounds undergoing a range of low to high accelerations. From these data, joint moments and joint powers were calculated for individual hindlimb joints. In addition, the mean effective mechanical advantage (EMA...

... sample of closely related monkeys was generally similar to published results for a diverse sample of mammals, with larger monkeys having more extended limb postures, lower joint moments and greater effective mechanical advantage (EMA) for their limb extensor musculature. Ankle EMA, however, did...