...–length Force–velocity Eccentric History dependence Phylogenetic comparative methods Summary: A review of comparative muscle physiology highlights diversity that both supports and refutes classic theories of contraction, and suggests future directions to advance our understanding of muscle...

... contraction. Peak eccentric force values were taken as the highest total (active+passive) force achieved during the active lengthening phase. Work of shortening values were calculated as the force-displacement integral for the active shortening phase of the rFD trials. In addition to raw values, all force...

...–time integral (FTI). (B) At all loads (FTIs), the highest energy cost occurs when the muscle is required to do work while shortening. Less energy is required if the muscle does not shorten and the least energy requirement occurs if the muscle contracts eccentrically. Reprinted from Ortega et al. (2015...

...Emanuel Azizi; Thomas J. Roberts Many locomotor activities require muscles to actively lengthen, dissipate energy and decelerate the body. These eccentric contractions can disrupt cytoskeletal structures within myofibrils and reduce force output. We examined how architectural features of pennate...

... can help determine the interactions of key redox responses at multiple levels of biological organization. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 23 1 2012 © 2012. 2012 antioxidant biomarker eccentric free radical training During the last decade...

...Daniel Caterini; William Gittings; Jian Huang; Rene Vandenboom SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potentiation of concentric twitch force during work cycles is dependent upon both the speed and direction of length change. Concentric and eccentric forces were...

... produced and the energy consumed by the muscles. Lengthening (eccentric)contractions result in the greatest muscle forces at the lowest relative energetic costs. Eccentric contractions play a key role in storing elastic strain energy which, when recovered in subsequent contractions, has been shown...