... for the diversification of Lepidoptera. Because plants prepare secondary metabolites for defense against herbivores, with varying profiles of the components among different plant taxa, the specialist herbivores need to be adapted to the toxic substances unique to their host plants. Swallowtail butterflies of the genus...

... from biting insects. While it is widely observed that mammals use their tails to defend against insects, little is understood of the mechanism. We have shown that the tail affords two means of defense: wind generation and high-speed swatting. During the high-frequency swishing phase, the tail...

... © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 pathology defense Umwelt behavior parasite manipulation The contest between parasites and their hosts began well before the evolution of mitochondria and will end only with the end of evolution itself. Host behavior is one...

... regimes. [email protected] 6 2 2012 © 2012. 2012 catfish venom adaptation predation defense The study of adaptation addresses some of the most fundamental mechanisms driving evolution and, by extension, every other aspect of an organism’s biology. Research focusing...

...Veronica L. Bura; Vanya G. Rohwer; Paul R. Martin; Jayne E. Yack SUMMARY Caterpillar defenses have been researched extensively, and, although most studies focus on visually communicated signals, little is known about the role that sounds play in defense. We report on whistling, a novel form...

... 2010. crypsis body pattern mottle coloration Sepia officinalis defense Cephalopod adaptive coloration is among the most sophisticated in the animal kingdom because the neurally controlled chromatophore system permits a diverse repertoire of body patterning ( Messenger, 2001...

... an opportunity to experimentally assess the behavioral decision rules underlying an effective and costly anti-predator defense. References Adler, T. B. and Rose, G. J. ( 1998 ). Long-term temporal integration in the anuran auditory system. Nat. Neurosci. 1 , 519 -523. Adler, T. B. and Rose, G. J...