..., and (3) running cost of transport. We estimated muscle fiber type non-invasively based on the pedaling rate at which maximal cycling power occurred. As predicted, longer gastrocnemius muscle fascicles were correlated with greater lower-body power production and cost of transport. Multiple regression...

...Elaine E. Kozma; Herman Pontzer ABSTRACT Previous studies in primates and other animals have shown that mass-specific cost of transport (J kg −1 m −1 ) for climbing is independent of body size across species, but little is known about within-species allometry of climbing costs or the effects...

... of Biologists Ltd 2021 Summary: The slow swim speed of sea turtles is regulated by their morphological and physiological features Optimal swim speed Cost of transport Metabolic rate Drag coefficient Stroke frequency Loggerhead turtle Green turtle Aquatic animals are subjected...

...) or a brake (work absorption), or can simply exert force; these functions and their costs are relevant to locomotion. This versatility is revealed by a varying stimulation pattern. Energy Heat Cost of transport Performance Rabbit Locomotion claims a substantial proportion of the energy...

... of this hypothesis, we examined whether conservation of stance-phase joint mechanics is prioritized over COM mechanics in a locomotor task where simultaneous conservation of COM and joint mechanics is not feasible: imposed leg-length asymmetry. Positive joint mechanical cost of transport (work per distance traveled...

...Koren Gast; Rodger Kram; Raziel Riemer ABSTRACT Humans have evolved the ability to walk very efficiently. Further, humans prefer to walk at speeds that approximately minimize their metabolic energy expenditure per unit distance (i.e. gross cost of transport, COT). This has been found in a variety...

... (maximum depth, 108 m). Modal swim speeds (0.80–1.35 m s −1 ) were slower than the estimated speeds that minimize cost of transport (1.3–1.9 m s −1 ), a pattern analogous to a ‘sit-and-wait’ strategy for a perpetually swimming species. All but one shark employed unpowered gliding during descents, rendering...

... 2018 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: A revision/update of the ‘equivalent slope’ concept to estimate the metabolic cost of level locomotion at unsteady speed, and its application via a computational model to shuttle running. Cost of transport Acceleration...

... and grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos ) trained to rest and walk on a treadmill. At routine walking speeds, we found polar bears and grizzly bears exhibited similar costs of locomotion and gait kinematics, but differing measures of overall dynamic body acceleration. Minimum cost of transport while walking...

... The authors declare no competing or financial interests. © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2018 Summary: This Review discusses the solutions that developing larval fish have evolved to the challenges of swimming in the intermediate Reynolds number regime. Cost of transport...

...Brad J. Gemmell; Sean P. Colin; John H. Costello ABSTRACT Recently, it has been shown that some medusae are capable of swimming very efficiently, i.e. with a low cost of transport, and that this is in part due to passive energy recapture (PER) which occurs during bell relaxation. We compared...

... to travel a unit distance, or cost of transport (COT), has a U -shaped relationship to speed. The relationship between propulsive kinematics and speed, summarized by the Strouhal number ( St = fA / U , where f is tail beat frequency, A is tail tip amplitude in m and U is swimming speed in m s −1 ), allows...

... with the overall cost of transport (general equation across all aerobic speeds; Taylor et al., 1982 ). We conducted running trials both before and after semi-natural enclosure trials. These methods allowed us to determine: (i) whether there is a difference in locomotor economy between TH and non-TH male house...

... that forced them to crouch at nearly 25% lower hip height than in an unconstrained condition, whereas degus would not perform on the treadmill past a ∼9% reduction in hip height. Both ferrets and degus exhibited significantly higher metabolic rates and cost of transport (CoT) values when moving in the tunnel...

... not differ among successful and unsuccessful individuals, although successful sturgeon exhibited higher costs of transport (42.75 versus 25.85 J kg −1 m −1 ). Energy expenditure metrics were not predictive of successful fishway passage, leading us to conclude that other endogenous or exogenous factors...

...+ -stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle fibres of cold-acclimated mice . J. Physiol.   588 , 4275 - 4288 . 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198598 Claireaux , G. , Couturier , C. and Groison , A.-L. ( 2006 ). Effect of temperature on maximum swimming speed and cost of transport...

... and energy balance. These costs have never been measured in free-swimming cetaceans. To examine the effect of drag from a tag on metabolic rate, cost of transport and swimming behavior, four captive male dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) were trained to swim a set course, either non-tagged ( n =7) or fitted...

... measured metabolic rates of weasels during voluntary locomotion to determine whether energy costs of transport are also high in these unusually shaped mammals. In addition, we measured the lower and upper limits of aerobic metabolism [resting metabolic rate (RMR) and maximal oxygen consumption in forced...

... was significantly slower than the 3.66±0.19 FL s −1 U crit of sham SN-disrupted fish. The oxygen consumption rate (mg O 2 kg −1 min −1 ) of the unilaterally SN-disrupted fish in a speed range of 1.0–2.2 FL s −1 was significantly greater than that of the sham SN-disrupted fish. The least gross cost of transport...

...   D. P. , Beaupré   G. S. , Carter   D. R. ( 2003 ). Effects of creep and cyclic loading on the mechanical properties and failure of human Achilles tendons . Ann. Biomed. Eng.   31 , 710 - 717 . AT Achilles tendon COT cost of transport CS coordinate system FFC...