..., the insect was released through an entrance (diameter 2 cm) at the center of the arena floor, and was observed from above ( Movie 1 ). Three temporal landmarks were recorded: (1) entrance into the arena; (2) moment of arrival at the arena's wall; and (3) initiation of climbing. The insect's directional...

... four kinematic variables but without grouping them into identified gait patterns (progressive, non-progressive). Horizontal crawling was significantly dependent on the substrate ( F 1,149 =3.231, P= 0.0004). Vertical climbing also significantly depended on the substrate ( F 1,308 =9.023, P...

... it is achieved under the different loading conditions that occur during upright and upside-down climbing. Our hypothesis was that proleg grip release is controlled by active neural control, and release from the substrate in the upside-down orientation requires an increase in the duration or firing frequency...

... undulation on the most surfaces, including a vertical cylinder with pegs only 1 mm high. Overall, B. constrictor was the slowest and used the most concertina locomotion, but this species climbed steep, smooth surfaces faster than P. guttatus . Our results illustrate how morphology and two different aspects...

... in wind tunnels with limited maneuvering, and without analysis of echolocation behavior. In this study, we engaged insectivorous big brown bats in a task requiring simultaneous turning and climbing flight, and used synchronized high-speed motion-tracking cameras and audio recordings to quantify...

... of three stick insect species with different body proportions, but similar feeding ecology: Carausius morosus, Aretaon asperrimus and Medauroidea extradentata (= Cuniculina impigra ). In order to co-vary locomotory context, we introduced a gradually increasing demand for climbing by varying the height...

... and tethered walking animals on horizontal surfaces. Here, we investigate the efficiency of this mechanism in spatial limb co-ordination of unrestrained climbing animals. For this, we recorded whole-body kinematics of freely climbing stick insects and analysed foot placement in 3D space. We found that touch...

..., USA 31 12 2011 17 3 2012 © 2012. 2012 locomotion arboreal kinematics lizard running climbing Locomotion is essential to an animal's survival and success, and is integral to activities such as evading predators and finding suitable mates, prey and habitat...

... ( Table 3 ). This is in agreement with previous estimations considering the point at which climbing begins (see below). It seems likely that gray short-tailed opossums ( Lammers et al., 2004 ; Lammers, 2007 ), rats and squirrels, which are not able to grasp the branch, overcome the problem of generating...

...-bodied larval stage of Manduca sexta . We found that crawling and climbing are accomplished using the same movements,with both segment timing and proleg lift indistinguishable in horizontal and vertical locomotion. Minor differences were detected in stride length and in the delay between crawls, which...

... ). Climbing. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand,D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 73 -88. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Conant, R. ( 1975 ). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Delciellos...

...Daniel I. Goldman; Tao S. Chen; Daniel M. Dudek; Robert J. Full SUMMARY Rapid, vertically climbing cockroaches produced climbing dynamics similar to geckos, despite differences in attachment mechanism, `foot or toe'morphology and leg number. Given the common pattern in such diverse species,we...

...K. Autumn; S. T. Hsieh; D. M. Dudek; J. Chen; C. Chitaphan; R. J. Full SUMMARY Geckos with adhesive toe pads rapidly climb even smooth vertical surfaces. We challenged geckos ( Hemidactylus garnotii ) to climb up a smooth vertical track that contained a force platform. Geckos climbed vertically...

..., and (ii) climbing on vertical (plant) surfaces. Contact angle measurements at the underside of the tarsi have revealed that, irrespective of tarsus width, all the investigated species are well supported by the surface of water while walking on it. The main selective demands driving the widening...

...C. Duch; H. J. Pflüger ABSTRACT The motor patterns of the locust’s flexor tibiae and metathoracic subcoxal joint muscles were compared during unrestrained horizontal walking, vertical climbing and walking upside-down hanging from a branch. Combining anatomical and structural data with the results...

...Gavin Hanna; W. Jon P. Barnes ABSTRACT The mechanisms by which the toe pads of tree frogs adhere to and detach from surfaces during climbing have been studied in Osteopilus septentrionalis and other tree frogs using a variety of techniques. The experiments on attachment lend general support...