...Philipp Comanns; Philip C. Withers; Falk J. Esser; Werner Baumgartner ABSTRACT Moisture-harvesting lizards, such as the Australian thorny devil, Moloch horridus , have the remarkable ability to inhabit arid regions. Special skin structures, comprising a micro-structured surface with capillary...

... by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption, such as capillaries and mitochondria. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In endurance exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation...

... change. [email protected] 9 5 2011 © 2011. 2011 avian bar-headed goose oxygen cascade respiratory physiology pulmonary diffusion capillary mitochondria High-altitude environments pose numerous challenges to animal life. The physical environment changes...

... of the `total effective surface' of mitochondria and capillaries. According to these models, basal and maximal metabolic rates must scale as M 3/4 . This is not what we find. In 34 eutherian mammalian species (body mass M b ranging from 7 g to 500 kg) we found V̇ O 2max to scale with the 0.872 (±0.029) power...

... kangaroo mitochondrial oxygen consumption at V̇ O 2 max was 4.7 ml O 2 min –1 ml –1 of mitochondria. Also, the inner mitochondrial membrane densities were 35.8±0.7 m 2 ml –1 of mitochondria, which is the same as for placental mammals, and the same pattern of similarity was seen for capillary densities...

... in the rat, averaging a 28 % increase in capillary-to-fibre ratio (C:F) but, as this was balanced by fibre hypertrophy across the whole muscle, there was no change in capillary density (CD). In contrast, the C:F was similar in both groups of hamsters, whereas CD rose by 33 % in line with fibre atrophy...

..., for vascular endothelial growth factor and for glycolytic enzymes, such as phosphofructokinase, together with mitochondrial and capillary densities, increased in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Functional analyses revealed positive effects on V̇ O2max (when measured at altitude) on maximal power output and on lean...

... of microcirculatory oxygen supply, it is found that muscle tissue capillarity is adjusted to muscle oxygen demand but that the capillary erythrocyte volume also plays a role. Oxygen delivery by the heart has long been recognized to be a key link in the oxygen transport chain. In allometric variation it is heart rate...

... in a parallel Cresyl-stained series. Throughout development, the vasculature was pan-retinal and the hyaloid vessel was prominent. In early tadpole stages, capillaries were arranged as a honeycomb, and their number increased at a rate sufficient to maintain high densities in the face of increasing retinal area...

... phosphates produced by glycolysis and by aerobic metabolism. This is achieved through the intermediary of a topologically organized creatine kinase isozyme system. The muscle capillary network supplies substrate and environmental oxygen to the mitochondria. The network is quantitatively matched to the muscle...