... in force production during take-off has never been explored. Focusing on the first downstroke, we have addressed this problem from a force balance perspective in butterflies taking off from the ground. In order to determine whether the sole aerodynamic wing force could explain the observed motion...

... in the upstroke, but restrict such twisting in the downstroke where the effect would be detrimental. In the broad forewings of butterflies, this asymmetric resistance to aerodynamic twisting seems to be a consequence of the curved section of the leading edge. The wing can be modelled as a cantilevered, thin...

...F. Reed Hainsworth; Elizabeth Precup; Tracy Hamill ABSTRACT Volume and energy ingestion rates, meal sizes (intakes to satiation) and meal frequencies were measured for previously unfed adult painted lady butterflies ( Vanessa cardui L.) fed sucrose solutions or nectar from Lantana camera flowers...

...Bernd Heinrich ABSTRACT Various kinds of butterflies raise both (or sometimes one) of their pairs of wings while basking with their body at approximately right angles to the incident solar radiation and with their wings held at an acute angle to the incident sunlight. I here test the effects...

...Robert Dudley ABSTRACT Wing and body kinematics of free cruising flight are described for 37 species of Panamanian butterflies ranging over two orders of magnitude in body mass. Butterflies exhibit considerable diversity in body and wing shape, but morphological design is, in general, isometric...

...C. R. Betts; R. J. Wootton ABSTRACT Representatives of six butterfly species, flying freely in the field or in simulated field conditions, were filmed with a high-speed ciné camera and subjected to kinematic and morphometric analysis. This is the first detailed investigation on an insect performing...