...Masaya Iijima; V. David Munteanu; Richard W. Blob ABSTRACT Bone loading is a crucial factor that constrains locomotor capacities of terrestrial tetrapods. To date, limb bone strains and stresses have been studied across various animals, with a primary emphasis on consistent bone loading in mammals...

... that a reduction of torsion in particular could have released the limbs from an environment favoring tubular bones and, thereby, facilitated the evolution of flattened shapes ( Young and Blob, 2015 ). To test this proposal, we compared in vivo bone strains between terrestrial walking and swimming for the femur...

... ( Tupinambus merianae ) using three-dimensional measurements of the ground reaction force and hindlimb kinematics, in vivo bone strains and femoral mechanical properties. Peak bending stresses experienced by the femur were low (tensile: 10.4±1.1 MPa; compressive: –17.4±0.9 MPa) and comparable to those in other...

... of the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ), a marsupial that uses more crouched limb posture than most mammals from which bone strains have been recorded, and which belongs to a clade phylogenetically between reptiles and the eutherian mammals studied previously. The presence of substantial torsion...

... , vol. 3 (ed. Dobzhansky T. , Hecht M. K. , Steere W. C. ), pp. 15 - 72 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts . Hylander W. L. ( 1986 ). In vivo bone strain as an indicator of masticatory bite force in Macaca fascicularis . Arch. Oral Biol. 31 , 149 - 157...

... features of limb bone design. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 15 5 2008 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 locomotion biomechanics bone strain safety factor turtle The morphology and structural design of tetrapod limb bones shows...

... in vivo bone strains in the radius and metacarpus of juvenile goats performing a variety of natural behaviors in an outdoor arena and compared these strain magnitudes and loading patterns with those measured during steady-state treadmill locomotion. We sought to test two hypotheses:our first hypothesis...

... in size and mass during ontogeny. The goal of this study was to examine how growth and development in the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) hindlimb skeleton reflects the demands placed upon it by ontogenetic changes in locomotor mechanics and body mass. Bone strain patterns in the femur and tibiotarsus...

... the rate of loading, and only secondarily by increasing the duration of loading. Because variation in mandibular bone strain magnitudes is a reasonable proxy for variation in bite force ( Hylander,1986 ), these results suggest that bite force is modulated primarily by increases in rate of force development...

.... Peak strains, and the time at which they occur in the feeding cycle, were compared between suction and biting. In general, peak suture strains are higher during suction than during biting, but not all of these differences are significant. Peak suture and bone strains occur at or near maximum gape...

...Susan W. Herring; Scott C. Pedersen; Xiaofeng Huang SUMMARY At the time of weaning, infant animals have little experience with hard food, and thus their skulls are not likely to be epigenetically adapted for the loads imposed by mastication. We examined bone strain in the zygomatic arch of 4-week...

.... The present study integrates new data on hindlimb muscle function with previously obtained data on hindlimb kinematics, motor patterns, ground reaction forces and bone strain in order to (1) assess mechanisms underlying limb bone torsion during non-parasagittal locomotion in alligators and (2) improve...

... in the limb skeleton during growth reflect ontogenetic patterns of limb loading and the resulting stresses and strains produced in the limbs. The goal of this study was to relate forelimb loads to in vivo bone strains in the radius of the domestic goat( Capra hircus ) across a range of gaits and speeds...

...Michael R. Williamson; Kenneth P. Dial; Andrew A. Biewener ABSTRACT In vivo measurements of pectoralis muscle length change and force production were obtained using sonomicrometry and delto-pectoral bone strain recordings during ascending and slow level flight in mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos...

... © 2000 by Company of Biologists 2000 mastication bone strain bone growth skull miniature swine Despite advances in techniques for studying in vivo biomechanics, our understanding of how the face and cranium are loaded during masticatory function is still largely incomplete...

...Steven C. Su; John G. Skedros; Kent N. Bachus; Roy D. Bloebaum ABSTRACT Customary nonuniform distributions of physiological bone strains are thought to evoke heterogeneous material adaptation in diaphyseal cortices of some limb bones. Recent studies of artiodactyl calcanei have suggested...

... limb bone strains can increase during upright locomotion, in contrast to expectations based on size-correlated changes in posture among mammals that limb bone strains should decrease with the use of an upright posture. These data suggest that, in some lineages, strain magnitudes may not have been...

... at corresponding sites were also similar in the two groups. At 12 weeks of age, however, bone strain levels in the 60%/L group were again elevated (47% overall) compared with those recorded in the 35%/UNL group, although the general pattern and orientation of strains remained similar. This finding suggests...

... (±s.E.) age-matched control body mass (2.12±0.02kg) significantly exceeded the basal control (1.89±0.02kg) by 12% and exercise (1.93±0.01 kg) body mass by 10%. 11 5 1992 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 biomechanics bone strain remodelling strenuous exercise chicken...

... ) and the horse ( Biewener, Thomason & Lanyon, 1983 b ) in order to test the hypothesis that similar peak bone strains (stresses) occur at functionally equivalent points in the gaits of different species. Multiple recordings of in vivo strain along the caudal diaphyses of the radius and tibia of one goat were...