... on flexed, abducted hind limbs and with a single-peaked vertical ground reaction force. Differences in human and bipedal chimpanzee three-dimensional (3D) kinematics have been well quantified, yet it is unclear what the independent effects of using a crouched posture are on 3D gait mechanics for humans...

...W. Éamon Callison; Nicholas B. Holowka; Daniel E. Lieberman ABSTRACT Bipedal humans, like canids and some other cursorial mammals, are thought to have been selected for endurance running, which requires the ability to sustain aerobic metabolism over long distances by inspiring large volumes of air...

...James T. Webber; David A. Raichlen ABSTRACT Human bipedal locomotion is characterized by a habitual heel-strike (HS) plantigrade gait, yet the significance of walking foot-posture is not well understood. To date, researchers have not fully investigated the costs of non-heel-strike (NHS) walking...

... rotate about their long axes to skew limbs mediolaterally through the stride cycle. Locomotion Bipedalism Kinematics Avian XROMM Three-dimensional Numida meleagris X-ray Animation Analyses of avian bipedalism typically focus on steady locomotion. Birds are predominantly studied...

... Locomotion Bipedalism Kinematics Avian XROMM Three-dimensional Guineafowl X-ray Animation Comparative anatomy textbooks typically distinguish two basic types of tetrapod limb posture. ‘Sprawling’ forms are portrayed as having laterally abducted limbs that move in a complex three dimensional...

... transfer and precise positional control. In humans, the long Achilles tendon contributes to the mechanical efficiency of running via elastic energy storage and recovery, and its presence has been linked to the evolution of habitual bipedalism. Gibbons also possess relatively long hind limb tendons; however...

...Campbell Rolian; Daniel E. Lieberman; Joseph Hamill; John W. Scott; William Werbel SUMMARY The phalangeal portion of the forefoot is extremely short relative to body mass in humans. This derived pedal proportion is thought to have evolved in the context of committed bipedalism, but the benefits...

...Jonas Rubenson; Denham B. Heliams; Shane K. Maloney; Philip C. Withers; David G. Lloyd; Paul A. Fournier SUMMARY The alleged high net energy cost of running and low net energy cost of walking in humans have played an important role in the interpretation of the evolution of human bipedalism...

...Daniel Schmitt SUMMARY An understanding of the evolution of human bipedalism can provide valuable insights into the biomechanical and physiological characteristics of locomotion in modern humans. The walking gaits of humans, other bipeds and most quadrupedal mammals can best be described by using...

...W. I. Sellers; L. A. Dennis; R. H. Crompton SUMMARY To understand the evolution of bipedalism among the hominoids in an ecological context we need to be able to estimate the energetic cost of locomotion in fossil forms. Ideally such an estimate would be based entirely on morphology since, except...