... avoidance learning Recent studies, such as those investigating pain in fish ( Sneddon et al., 2003 ; Braithwaite, 2010 ) and birds ( Gentle, 2011 ) and depression-like states in mammals ( Mendl et al., 2010 ), appear to support ideas about negative affective states and suffering in animals...

... (e-mail: [email protected] ) 9 8 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 avoidance learning cross-modal interactions jumping spider multimodal receiver psychology seismic signal Many animals incorporate multiple signals, either within or across...