...Michael P. Wilkie; Matthew E. Pamenter; Stephanie Duquette; Hadi Dhiyebi; Navjeet Sangha; Geoffrey Skelton; Matthew D. Smith; Leslie T. Buck SUMMARY Acute ammonia toxicity in vertebrates is thought to be characterized by a cascade of deleterious events resembling those associated with anoxic...

... Limited 2007 2007 ammonia toxicity liver enzyme activity gene expression mRNA nitrogen metabolism glutamine sublethal ammonia exposure The vertebrate brain is the most vulnerable organ to the highly mobile and toxic ammonia (Felipo and Butterworth,2002). The major end product...

.... Biol. 94 , 307 -313. Randall, D. J. and Tsui, T. K. N. (2002). Ammonia toxicity in fish. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45 , 17 -23. Randall, D. J., Wood, C. M., Perry, S. F., Bergman, H., Maloiy,G. M. O., Mommsen, T. P. and Wright, P. A. (1989). Urea excretion as a strategy for survival...

... and depressed plasma Na + and Cl − levels in non-surviving trout suggest that a combination of ammonia toxicity and ionoregulatory failure led to death in susceptible cutthroat trout. REFERENCES Alexander , J. B. and Ingram , G. A. (1980). A comparison of five of the methods commonly used...