... and for preventing glutamate accumulation during hyperammonaemic conditions. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 22 3 2010 © 2010. 2010 glutamate glutamine MSOX alanine tryptophan stress Ammonia, a breakdown product of amino acid catabolism, can be a potent...

...) in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle increased significantly. This could be related to an increase in protein degradation because exposure to seawater led to a greater rate of ammonia excretion on days 15 and 17, despite unchanged tissue ammonia contents. Alanine was the major free amino...

... with the problem of excess ammonia are described. The fish can (1) reduce ammonia production through reduction in protein and/or amino acid catabolism; (2)reduce ammonia production and obtain energy through partial amino acid catabolism leading to alanine formation; (3) detoxify ammonia to glutamine;(4) tolerate...

... to tolerate quite high levels of ammonia in its tissues. Urea was not the major product of ammonia detoxification in C. asiatica , which apparently did not possess a functioning ornithine urea cycle. Rather, alanine increased fourfold to 12.6μmolg -1 in the muscle after 48h of aerial exposure...

... of air-exposed fish, but levels of both urea and some FAAs (primarily alanine and glutamine) were up to twofold higher after 10 days. The activities of the ornithine–urea cycle enzymes carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III and ornithine transcarbamylase increased (by approximately 30 % and 36...

... in the muscle and plasma. Alanine levels increased threefold in the muscle, fourfold in the liver and twofold in the plasma. Similar phenomena were not observed in the more aquatic mudskipper, Boleophthalmus boddaerti . From these results, we concluded that P. schlosseri was capable of partial catabolism...

... is characterised by a high rate of oxygen consumption and a rapid change in proline and alanine levels in the haemolymph and flight muscles and in glycogen level in the flight muscles. Carbohydrates are released from the fat body into the haemolymph. These carbohydrates are oxidised during the second phase...

...José L. Soengas; Thomas W. Moon ABSTRACT The uptake and metabolism of glucose, alanine and lactate were assessed in red blood cells (RBCs) of the American eel Anguilla rostrata . L-Lactate was metabolized at the highest rates as assessed by O 2 consumption and CO 2 production, followed by glucose...

... sexta midgut. Cis -inhibition and trans -stimulation protocols were used to examine the effects of amino acid analogs on the uptake of alanine, phenylalanine, leucine and lysine, which are cotransported with K + by a zwitterionic symporter at the high pH characteristic of the midgut in vivo...

... larval Manduca sexta midgut. Neutral amino acids (alanine, proline) are symported at higher rates as the vesicles are hyperpolarized. The symport rates of acidic (glutamate) and basic (arginine) amino acids are almost PD-independent. The half-saturation constant of alanine is PD-independent between −108...

... . Oxidative pathway K m values for glucose (8.4mmoll −1 ), lactate (3.3mmoll −1 ) and alanine (0.8mmoll −1 ) were well within the normal physiological ranges of plasma concentrations. Glucose concentration did not affect lactate oxidation rates, but there was some inhibition (27%) of glucose oxidation by high...

... by 5 mmol l −1 L-alanine, but not by D-glucose, L-valine or L-glycine, indicating a specific action of L-alanine. 10 12 1985 © 1986 by Company of Biologists 1986 water transport alanine eel intestine. It is well known that marine teleosts ingest sea water and absorb water...