... with the average phenotype ( Braun et al., 2012 ). This neuron initiates aerial respiration and has been shown to be essential for the formation of LTM following operant conditioning, with LTM formation being associated with a reduction in RPeD1 activity ( Spencer et al., 1999 ). Thus, it has been hypothesized...

... in memory-forming ability, possibly due to environmental factors. Invertebrate Operant conditioning Aerial respiration Learning Environmental conditions are known to influence learning and memory formation in many species. The observation that environmental enrichment results in behavioural...

... in differentially reared animals, and show that plasticity was not dependent on previous activity of the network during development. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: gspencer@brocku.ca ) 14 12 2008 2009 learning memory invertebrate aerial respiration central pattern generator semi...

... openings, yet CE exposure also results in a significant decrease in RPeD1 activity, the neuron that initiates rhythmogenesis within the neural circuit that drives aerial respiration. This apparent conflict may be explained by an up-regulation in the efficacy of peripheral inputs onto downstream components...

...Chloe McComb; Nishi Varshney; Ken Lukowiak SUMMARY Adult snails are capable of learning associatively not to perform aerial respiration and then to consolidate the acquired behaviour into long-term memory (LTM). Juvenile Lymnaea , however, perform aerial respiration significantly less often...

... to the head, anchoring the mouth at the water surface. A buoyancy role was confirmed by experiments demonstrating the ability of some species to alter bubble volume, to compensate either for different body positions or for water densities (salinities). Use of the bubble for aerial respiration...

...-breathing larvae, exclusively water-breathing larvae respond to aquatic hypoxia by increasing their buccal pumping rate and by accumulating lactate. Even though Xenopus larvae can survive without air for many days, aerial respiration is necessary for other functions: tolerance of hypoxia, normal feeding...