..., quasi-steady flow is assumed and the flow analysis is based on velocity and/or vorticity fields measured at a single time instant during the stroke cycle. The assumption of quasi-steady flow leads to neglect of unsteady (time-dependent) wake vortex added-mass effects,which can contribute significantly...

... to represent a model analogous to transitional adaptive states during the evolution of powered avian flight. To begin to reveal the aerodynamics of flap-running, we used digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and measured air velocity, vorticity, circulation and added mass in the wake of chukar partridge...

... rotation of the wing generates a pressure force with opposite polarity, resulting in negative lift. The time course of this rotational effect is complicated by the presence of an added mass inertia and a modest amount of wake capture at the start of each stroke. The influence of these multiple mechanisms...