... stress, (B) 10 m approach and (C) capture in birds incubating an egg or brooding a chick. / Values are means±s.e.m. *P<0.05. Acute stress Energy cost Fasting Heart rate Penguin Reproductive value Risk assessment Seabird Animals facing environmental disturbances respond...

... fight-or-flight acute stress animal temperament animal personality Orthoptera Gryllidae Predators kill. Animals that avoid being eaten will have an advantage, provided that the fitness costs of that advantage do not outweigh the fitness benefits. Sensitivity to such fitness costs probably...