... preparations from Burmese pythons. We located the dominant pacemaker site at the base of the right leaflet of the sinoatrial valve (SAV), but latent pacemakers were also identified in a circular region around the SAV. Acetylcholine (10 −5 mol l −1 ) or noradrenaline (10 −6 mol l −1 ) induced shifts...

..., we expanded the toolbox for the identification of cholinergic neurons by generating a new line FRT-STOP-FRT-VAChT::HA that is a conditional tagged knock-in of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter ( VAChT ) gene in its endogenous locus. Importantly, in comparison to already available tools...

... acetylcholine (ACh), an acute bout of hypoxia (15 mmHg) increased the time engaged in ASR by 5.5 and 4.9 times, respectively, compared with controls. Larvae previously immersed in 10 μmol l −1 5-HT or ACh also displayed an increased ASR response. Our results support the notion that ASR is a behavioural response...

... ). Functional M3 cholinoreceptors are present in pacemaker and working myocardium of murine heart . Pflugers Arch.   463 , 523 - 529 . Boyett   M. R. , Kodama   I. , Honjo   H. , Arai   A. , Suzuki   R. , Toyama   J. ( 1995 ). Ionic basis of the chronotropic effect of acetylcholine...

... through a variety of receptors and their action has been implicated in processes such as attention, learning and memory, aggression, reproductive behaviour and state-dependent mechanisms. Here, we review recent work on neuromodulation of electrosensory processing by acetylcholine and serotonin...

... decline acetylcholine imidacloprid In the last 20 years, pesticide use has shifted away from organophosphates and carbamates towards neonicotinoid compounds that are agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) ( Buckingham et al., 1997 ; Elbert et al., 2008 ; Ihara et al...

...Daniel Kueh; John A. Jellies SUMMARY The heart excitor (HE) motor neuron in the leech Hirudo releases acetylcholine (ACh) and a peptide, FMRFamide, to regulate the contractile activity of the heart tube and associated side vessels. Consistent with Dale's principle, it was assumed that both...

... these to chemical synaptic input onto the motor neurons. * Author for correspondence( bcmulloney@ucdavis.edu ) 20 8 2009 2009 crayfish acetylcholine octopamine excitation inhibition motor pattern Effective behaviors require that activities of different parts of an animal's...

... the nature of the quiescent state and the basis for spontaneous switching between swimming and quiescence. The transition from swimming to quiescence is promoted by acetylcholine signaling and initially during quiescence body wall muscles are in a state of contraction. After the first minute, quiescent worms...

... locusts, fictive flight was initiated by bath application of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine, the acetylcholine analogue carbachol, and the acetylcholinesterase blocker eserine, but not by nicotine. Furthermore, in addition to octopamine, various other amines including dopamine, tyramine and histamine...

... ). Animals treated with acetylcholine ( Fig. 2A ) showed the first significant decrease in heart rate at 5 d.p.f. (maximum decrease 8.5%). This reaction was observable until 10 d.p.f. From 11 to 15 d.p.f. cholinergic stimulation did not result in a significant reduction in heart rate. Application of atropine...

... time we show that the regular propagating anterograde waves that occur in the zebrafish larval gut before and around the onset [at 5–6 days post fertilization (d.p.f.)] of feeding are modulated by acetylcholine or atropine, PACAP and NKA (neurokinin A). At 3 d.p.f., when no spontaneous motility has...

... skin preparations with acetylcholine (ACh) (20 μmol l -1 ) and muscarine (30 μmol l -1 ) but not nicotine (up to 50 mmol l -1 ), suggesting that cholinergic muscarinic receptors are involved. Changing the osmolarity of the external solution had no effect on spectral reflectivity. To study...

... cells,whereas it inhibited over half of FWA cells. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: Cathy.McCrohan@man.ac.uk ) 30 7 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 flounder Platichthys flesus neurosecretory system Dahlgren cell acetylcholine nicotine oxotremorine...

... , in order to see whether or not they share common mechanisms. Luminescence induced by general depolarisation of tissues using KCl (200 mmol l –1 ) shows different patterns, according to species. Only A. filiformis emits light in response to acetylcholine. In this species, the involvement of both muscarinic...

...: the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), both its nicotinic and muscarinic receptors and its lytic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Our results on the inhibition of mating-cell pairing in vivo in mating-competent cells treated with cholinomimetic drugs support the hypothesis that the cholinergic system plays...

... of L-glutamate, the giant axon–Schwann cell signalling molecule in this preparation. The release of the peptide parallels the release of acetylcholine from the Schwann cells themselves in this preparation in a number of different ways. The release of both acetylcholine and the VIP-like peptide have...

... by atropine was inhibited in the presence of curare. Other neurons in the ganglion showed distinctive responses to the AChE inhibitors that were coincident with their responses to cholinergic agonists. The results suggest the existence of a basal level of acetylcholine (ACh) release in the leech ganglion...

... to the percentage of ink reserves released from the intact gland). The peripheral activation of vesicles appears to be cholinergic: 70 % of isolated vesicles were induced to squeeze ink from their valved end by solutions of acetylcholine at concentrations of 0.5 mmol l −1 or below. Ultrastructural analysis commonly...

... and dorsal abdominal) exhibits a unique spectrum of responses to a battery of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, glutamic acid, γ -aminobutyric acid) and neurohormones (dopamine, octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, crustacean cardioactive peptide, FLRFamide-related peptides F1 and F2, and proctolin...