... and benefits of learned stimuli. Reward quality is positively related to the rate of behavioral acquisition in processes such as associative learning. Wolbachia , an endosymbiotic bacterium, often plays an impressive role in the manipulation of its arthropod host's biology. Here, we studied the responses...

..., chloroplasts in plants, and cytoplasmically inherited bacteria (e.g. Wolbachia , Spiroplasma ) ( Fig. 4 A). From the perspective of these cytoplasmic genomes, males are an ‘evolutionary dead-end’ as they will not transmit these entities to the next generation. This asymmetry creates an evolutionary incentive...

...Satoru Kamoda; Shinji Masui; Hajime Ishikawa; Tetsuhiko Sasaki ABSTRACT Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria found in many arthropods. They induce various reproductive alterations in their hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization and male...