... in our understanding of the alternative ‘withdrawal’ movement, wherein the animal bends its head and thorax away from the stimulus. Our results show that stimulus location determines which nocifensive behavior is elicited. Interestingly, stimulation of specific mid-body segments could result in either...

... −1 ). Altered movement behavior and preference for methamphetamine during withdrawal were linked to drug residues in fish brain tissues and accompanied by brain metabolome changes. Our results suggest that emission of illicit drugs into freshwater ecosystems causes addiction in fish and modifies...

...Hilary S. Bierman; Julie E. Schriefer; Steven J. Zottoli; Melina E. Hale SUMMARY While most actinopterygian fishes perform C-start or S-start behaviors as their primary startle responses, many elongate species instead use a withdrawal movement. Studies of withdrawal have focused on the response...