... hypotheses Manoeuvrability Strong inference Wing morphing Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038 RGPIN-2021-02977 Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000245 Natural...

... al., 2003 ; von Busse et al., 2014 ; Konow et al., 2017 ), although effective wing morphing can reduce these costs substantially (e.g. Ajanic et al., 2020 ). Alternatively, the kinematics of slow flight may require the downstroke muscles to operate at contraction rates with insufficient force...

... time-resolved. Animal locomotion High speed Single shot Structured light Surface reconstruction Wing morphing All flying animals rely to some extent on dynamic body-shape changes to propel themselves. Insects rely predominantly on passive wing morphing through aero-elastic wing...

... performance Wings Muscle activity Lifting surface Wing morphing Movement economy Locomotion is energy demanding and most of the energy consumption is accounted for by contraction of muscles ( Roberts et al., 1998 ; Biewener et al., 2004 ; Marsh et al., 2004 ). Conservation of energy is key...