... humidity. High relative humidity at high air temperature implies a high water vapour pressure, but evaporation into air with 100% relative humidity is not impossible. Evaporation is enhanced by wind, but the wind speed reported by meteorological services is not that experienced by animals; instead...

... speed, we used two or more air temperatures between 15° and 30°C that produced cold stress at all wind speeds, but allowed chicks to maintain normal body temperature(approximately 39°C). Thermal conductance increased by 30-50% as wind speed increased from 0.1 to 3 ms -1 . Conductance in these chicks...

... Spheniscus humboldti El Niño Humboldt current wind speed day length chlorophyll a satellite telemetry foraging migration sea surface temperature dive Humboldt penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ) are top predators endemic to the area influenced by the cold, nutrient-rich Humboldt current...