... influences the selection of animals, behaviors and methodologies for studying animal motion. Locomotion Walking Running Swimming Behavior Methodology In the pursuit of understanding how animals move, biomechanists have historically focused on one of two approaches ( Fig. 1 ). Scientists...

... walking on flat terrain excitingly point to key features in inter-leg coordination patterns that seem to be ‘universally’ shared across panarthropods. However, when movement through more complex, naturalistic terrain is considered, variability in coordination patterns – from the intra-individual to inter...

... locomotion. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive locomotion analysis along gradients in both body size and walking speed of Camponotus fellah worker subcastes, and of males, which have rarely been studied to date because of their short life spans associated with mating flights. We provide a detailed...

... attributed. Summary: Electrophysiological techniques reveal that spatial visual properties of simple eyes improve with input from compound eyes in bull ants. Pattern electroretinography Flying Walking Bull ants Honeybees Contrast sensitivity Spatial resolving power Australian...

... >0.999), than females. For all elephants, estimated RFM ( r =0.45, P =0.004) was positively correlated with insulin. Distance walked was negatively correlated with age ( r =−0.46, P =0.007). When adjusted for FFM and age ( P <0.001), non-cycling females had less fat compared with cycling females...

...Giovanni A. Cavagna; Mario A. Legramandi ABSTRACT It is known that mechanical work to sustain walking is reduced, owing to a transfer of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy, as in a pendulum. The factors affecting this transfer are unclear. In particular, the phase relationship...

... locomotor demands. Thirteen healthy adults walked across a range of speeds (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 m s −1 ) and slopes (0 deg, +5 deg, +10 deg) to determine whether hip, knee and ankle joints and their extensors and flexors altered their mechanical function in response to increased speed and slope. As walking...

...Sarah N. Fickey; Michael G. Browne; Jason R. Franz ABSTRACT The plantarflexor muscles are critical for forward propulsion and leg swing initiation during the push-off phase of walking, serving to modulate step length and walking speed. However, reduced ankle power output is common in aging and gait...

... their hindlimbs for bipedal terrestrial locomotion, for at least some part of their life history. Here, we review the scaling of avian striding bipedal gaits to explore how body mass and leg morphology influence walking and running. We collate literature data from 21 species, spanning a 2500× range in body mass...

... the mechanical work done during level walking in Nepalese porters while carrying different loads at several speeds. Our results show that the Nepalese porters do not use an equivalent mechanism as the African women to reduce work. In contrast, the Nepalese porters develop an equal amount of total mechanical work...

...Anthony G. Schache; Nicholas A. T. Brown; Marcus G. Pandy ABSTRACT We investigated how the human lower-limb joints modulate work and power during walking and running on level ground. Experimental data were recorded from seven participants for a broad range of steady-state locomotion speeds (walking...

...   A. ( 2012 ). Lessons for circuit function from large insects: towards understanding the neural basis of motor flexibility . Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.   22 , 602 - 608 . Büschges   A. , Gruhn   M. ( 2007 ). Mechanosensory feedback in walking: from joint control to locomotor patterns . Adv...

...Daniel Kress; Martin Egelhaaf In contrast to flying flies, walking flies experience relatively strong rotational gaze shifts, even during overall straight phases of locomotion. These gaze shifts are caused by the walking apparatus and modulated by the stride frequency. Accordingly, even during...

... use position information from the anterior legs to control the touchdown position of the ipsilateral posterior legs. Here we addressed the question of whether not only the hindleg but also the middle leg performs targeting, and whether targeting is still present in a walking animal when influences...

...) and the grey line locomotion on a wide dowel (40 mm). Cycle length has been standardized to 100%. Our observations of frogs walking along the different substrates show that they generally used slow symmetrical walks ranging from a walking trot on the widest substrates to a lateral sequence walk...

..., is based on the study of several insect species, which differ greatly in size and mass. Each of these species tends to walk at a rather narrow range of speeds. We have addressed these issues by examining four strains of Drosophila , which are similar in size and mass, but tend to walk at different speed...

...Martyna Grabowska; Elzbieta Godlewska; Joachim Schmidt; Silvia Daun-Gruhn SUMMARY The analysis of inter-leg coordination in insect walking is generally a study of six-legged locomotion. For decades, the stick insect Carausius morosus has been instrumental for unravelling the rules and mechanisms...

... and behavioral strategies such as compensatory head movements. During self-movement, head rotations compensate for changes in body attitude in order to stabilize gaze. However, how walking animals cope with uneven structured substrates, which may affect body and gaze orientation, is still unknown. We used stereo...

... exercise-induced eCB signaling following high-intensity endurance running. eCB signaling does not significantly increase following low-intensity walking in these taxa, and eCB signaling does not significantly increase in the non-cursorial ferrets following exercise at any intensity. This study provides...

... americana ) in response to static electric fields at levels equal to and above those found in the natural environment. Walking behaviour (including velocity, distance moved, turn angle and time spent walking) were analysed as cockroaches approached an electric field boundary in an open arena, and also when...