... from idealized vortex ring models assumed in aerodynamic models, as well as derived induced power requirements. Macroglossum Aerodynamics Flight model Hovering Particle image velocimetry Vortex wake Hovering is a flight mode utilized by all major extant flying taxa, and most...

...L. C. Johansson; A. Hedenström SUMMARY Reconstructing the vortex wake of freely flying birds is challenging, but in the past few years, direct measurements of the wake circulation have become available for a number of species. Streamwise circulation has been measured at different positions along...

... , from the trailing edges of the dorsal and anal fins to the near wake. Simultaneous particle image velocimetry and kinematic measurements were performed during swimming at 1.2 body lengths s –1 to describe the streamwise vortex structure, to quantify the contributions of each fin to the vortex wake...

... previous study of the soft dorsal fin of sunfish( Lepomis ), which is hydrodynamically inactive at low speed and sheds a propulsive vortex wake at higher speed. Yawing maneuvers by trout involve unilateral production of a single vortex ring by the dorsal fin with a strong jet flow oriented almost directly...

... -102. Spedding, G. R., Rosén, M. and Hedenström, A. ( 2003a ). A family of vortex wakes generated by a thrush nightingale in free flight in a wind tunnel over its entire natural range of flight speeds. J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 2313 -2344 Spedding, G. R., Hedenström, A. and Rosén, M. ( 2003b...

... locomotion. 17 12 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 larva swimming kinematics vortex wake drag starting manoeuvre mayfly Chloeon dipterum e-mail: [email protected] As Lighthill ( 1969 )observed, most aquatic organisms with an elongated body form...

.... Drucker, E. G. and Lauder, G. V. ( 1999 ). Locomotor forces on a swimming fish: three-dimensional vortex wake dynamics quantified using digital particle image velocimetry. J. Exp. Biol. 202 , 2393 -2412. Drucker, E. G. and Lauder, G. V. ( 2000 ). A hydrodynamic analysis of fish swimming speed...

..., the sequential division of the response into re-positional and translational phases is evident. larva escape manoeuvre unsteady swimming caudal fin kinematics vortex wake control of locomotion damsel-fly Enallagma cyathigerum © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 15 10...

... plumosus (Diptera, Chironomidae). J. Insect Physiol . 46 , 1517 –1527. Brackenbury, J. H. ( 2001 a). The vortex wake of the free-swimming larva and pupa of Culex pipiens (Diptera). J. Exp. Biol . 204 , 1855 –1867. Brackenbury, J. H. ( 2001 b). Locomotion through use of the mouth...

... vortex street wake that contributes 12% of total thrust. During low-speed turns, the soft dorsal fin produces discrete pairs of counterrotating vortices with a central region of high-velocity jet flow. This vortex wake, generated in the latter stage of the turn and posterior to the center of mass...

... an interaction between body and tail flows in the production of vorticity. *e-mail: [email protected] 8 3 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 2001 Culex pipiens larva pupa swimming kinematics hydrodynamics vortex wake Our present understanding...

... by Company of Biologists 1999 fish swimming mechanics undulatory swimming vortex wake This paper will be not so much a complete review of the whole subject as a summary of the basic physical principles of undulatory swimming together with a more detailed survey of some recent research...

... tentatively discuss the potential retarding effects within the underlying fluid mechanics. 20 05 1996 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 vortex wake insect flight aerodynamics Drosophila melanogaster . As a flying animal moves through the air, it generates aerodynamic...

.... At the beginning of the stroke cycle each wing operates as an independent generator of vorticity. The vortex bubbles of all the four wings then unite, producing a single U-shaped bubble. A hypothetical spatial structure for the vortex wake is derived from a series of registrated sections of the wake illuminated...

...G. R. Spedding; J. M. V. Rayner; C. J. Pennycuick ABSTRACT A technique is described whereby the vortex wake of birds in slow forward flight may be investigated with a view towards testing some of the assumptions and predictions of existing theoretical models of bird flight. Multiflash...