.... To our surprise, however, manipulation of the test conditions revealed that relatively high concentrations of the amino-acid mixture (3.3 mmol l −1 and higher) in addition establish aversive memory for the odour. We then characterized both of these oppositely valenced memories in terms...

... be transiently modulated in Drosophila via optogenetic activation of NPF-expressing neurons. Decision making Insect Neuropeptide F Valence Behavior Motivation Virtual reality Optogenetics Drosophila neuropeptide F (dNPF) is the homolog of mammalian neuropeptide Y (NPY) ( Garczynski et al...