... water conditions for 48 h In control fish, urine flow rate (UFR) increased significantly over 48 h. Fish exposed to acid demonstrated a higher UFR, relative to controls, over the first 36 h of exposure ( Fig. 1 A). Changes in UFR were significantly influenced by both time ( P <0.001...

... of the paracellular marker [ 3 H]PEG-4000 during hypoxia and normoxic recovery. At the kidney, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and tubular Na + reabsorption rate fell in parallel by 70% during hypoxia, facilitating additional reductions in costs and in urinary Na + , K + and ammonia excretion rates...