.... These differences could arise from different control rules used by the central nervous system during these different modes of locomotion or one set of rules interacting with the different environments while walking on the surface versus flying or swimming. Flow speeds and turbulence that characterize...

... the distribution and abundance of species across spatial and temporal scales. Wave-driven water motion is characterized by unsteadiness (changes in flow velocity) and turbulence (vortices) as the water flow interacts with the reef structure ( Liao, 2007 ; Webb et al., 2010 ). These complex flows can...

...Jacob L. Johansen; Otar Akanyeti; James C. Liao ABSTRACT To forage in fast, turbulent flow environments where prey is abundant, fishes must deal with the high associated costs of locomotion. Prevailing theory suggests that many species exploit hydrodynamic refuges to minimize the cost of locomotion...

... the consequences for body stability during forward flight in both laminar and turbulent airflow. In laminar flow, bees with stiffened wings exhibited significantly higher mean rotation rates and standard deviation of orientation about the roll axis. Decreasing the wing's flexibility significantly increased its...

.... A hydrodynamic drag function ( D ) based on single-point time-averaged velocity statistics that incorporates the influence of turbulent fluctuations was used to infer the energetic cost of steady swimming. Novel hydrodynamic preference curves were developed and used to assess the appropriateness of D...

... that encourage refuging in fish. Vortex street Oncorhynchus   mykiss Kármán gait Flow visualization DPIV CFD Turbulence Swimming Fishes in current-swept environments must successfully navigate complex flows while performing tasks that are essential for survival, such as foraging for prey...

....02346 Cotel , A. J. , Webb , P. W. and Tritico , H. ( 2006 ). Do brown trout choose locations with reduced turbulence?   Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.   135 , 610 - 619 . 10.1577/T04-196.1 Drucker , E. G. and Lauder , G. V. ( 2001 ). Wake dynamics and fluid forces...

..., however, are neither steady nor quasi-steady, but are turbulent, with a considerable portion of the energy contained in so-called ‘AC’ (i.e. unsteady) components, where wind velocity varies chaotically and energy to power gas exchange is stored in some form. Existing DC models of burrow gas exchange do...

... by J.S.M.G. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. 15 4 2013 2 9 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 von Kármán vortex Manduca sexta unsteady flows turbulence stability wind tunnel Flying animals...

... and wrote the manuscript. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 28 6 2013 19 9 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Kármán gait kinematic model kinematics unsteady flow vortex street turbulence Fishes of different body...

... of structured, unsteady flow (the von Karman vortex street behind a cylinder) on the flight performance of bumblebees ( Bombus impatiens ). Bumblebees are ‘all-weather’ foragers and thus frequently experience variable aerial conditions, ranging from fully mixed, turbulent flow to unsteady, structured vortices...

... version of the manuscript. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 26 2 2013 15 5 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 fish swimming unsteady flow vortex street turbulence Fish that live in moving water must contend...

... embryos of diverse invertebrates may therefore permit vertical migration in nature. I used turbulent and laminar shear flows to investigate: (1) the speed and direction of transport of non-motile and newly swimming stages of the echinoids Dendraster excentricus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus...

... in turbulent flows advances our attempts to develop ecologically relevant approaches to evaluating fish swimming performance. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 12 1 2011 © 2011. 2011 fish swimming turbulence energetics oxygen consumption respirometry Kármán...

...H. M. Tritico; A. J. Cotel SUMMARY The effect of turbulent eddy diameter, vorticity and orientation on the 2 min critical swimming speed and stability of creek chub ( Semotilus atromaculatus ) is reported. Turbulent eddies were visualized and their properties were quantified using particle image...

.... Varying laminar-shear in a Taylor-Couette flow tank, our experiments simulated important aspects of small-scale turbulence within the natural habitats of red abalone( Haliotis rufescens ), a large marine mollusk and external fertilizer. Behavioral interactions between individual cells, sperm–egg encounter...

... of complex flows in nature, almost nothing is known about the function of the lateral line and its relationship to other sensory modalities for freely swimming fishes in turbulent flows. Past studies indicate that under certain conditions the lateral line is not needed to swim steadily in uniform flow...

... only if the body Reynolds number exceeds approximately 30. This theory, and the general body of work known as constructal theory, together now show that animal movement (running, flying, swimming) and fluid eddy movement (turbulent structure) are both forms of optimized intermittent movement...

...Matthew C. Ferner; Marc J. Weissburg SUMMARY Olfactory searching by aquatic predators is reliant upon the hydrodynamic processes that transport and modify chemical signals. Previous studies indicate that the search behavior of some benthic crustaceans is hindered by rapid water flow and turbulent...

... of locomotion called the Kármán gait, whereby the body of the fish displays large,lateral oscillations and the tail-beat frequency matches the vortex shedding frequency of the cylinder. Although field studies indicate that fishes often prefer turbulent flows over uniform currents, the effect of hydrodynamic...