... and there is ambiguity in the term ‘cost of plasticity’. Here, we systematically review the literature to investigate the prevalence of costs associated with phenotypic plasticity in ectothermic animals. We categorized studies into those assessing ‘costs of phenotype’ (trade-offs between different plastic trait values...

... ). Future studies comparing the metabolic rates of colonies and colony members across multiple colony life cycle stages will be helpful to better understand the energetic costs of Wolbachia infection. A trade-off between fecundity and longevity has widely been observed within and between species...

... wing colouration such as melanin. Competing for the same resources often leads to trade-offs in resource allocation. We manipulated protein availability in the larval diet of the wood tiger moth, Arctia plantaginis , to test how early life resource availability influences relevant life history traits...

... contributes to the immune response; however, this participation reduces muscle function and increases mortality from predation. Sharing resources optimizes function, but comes at a cost. Ecoimmunology Predator stress Pathogen Trade-offs Lepidoptera Natural Sciences and Engineering Research...

... differ in their response to warming and acidification: French scallops show more physiological plasticity, adjusting their proteome and metabolism to maintain growth. Bivalve Proteomics Trade-offs Calcification Climate change Physiological plasticity Regional Council of Brittany http...

...Alberto A. Castro; Theodore Garland, Jr; Saad Ahmed; Natalie C. Holt ABSTRACT A trade-off between locomotor speed and endurance occurs in various taxa, and is thought to be underpinned by a muscle-level trade-off. Among four replicate high runner (HR) lines of mice, selectively bred for voluntary...

... of functional trade-offs (i.e. improvement in one trait comes at the expense of another trait) or alternatively may reflect the intrinsic quality of an organism (i.e. some individuals are simply better overall performers than others). There is evidence for both ideas in the literature, suggesting...

...Jerry F. Husak; Simon P. Lailvaux ABSTRACT Phenotypic trade-offs are inevitable in nature, but the mechanisms driving them are poorly understood. Movement and oxygen are essential to all animals, and as such, the common ancestor to all living animals passed on mechanisms to acquire oxygen...

... contributed to low nesting rates of bees exposed to constant low temperatures. Females from that group that were able to nest had fewer, larger offspring with high viability, suggesting a trade-off. Interestingly, offspring of bees exposed to fluctuating low temperatures were more likely to enter diapause...

.... Therefore, TH production may become costly when environmental iodine availability is low. This may yield a trade-off for breeding females between allocating the hormones to self or to their eggs, potentially to the extent that it even influences the number of laid eggs. In this study, we investigated...

... trade-offs: scavenging mitochondrial ROS improves growth in a wild bird . Sci. Rep. 9 , 2203 . 10.1038/s41598-019-38535-5 Von Zglinicki , T. ( 2002 ). Oxidative stress shortens telomeres . Trends Biochem. Sci. 27 , 339 - 344 . 10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02110-2 Watson , H...

...Sean W. Deery; Julie E. Rej; Daniel Haro; Alex. R. Gunderson ABSTRACT Heat tolerance plasticity is predicted to be an important buffer against global warming. Nonetheless, basal heat tolerance often correlates negatively with tolerance plasticity (‘trade-off hypothesis’), a constraint that could...

... a trade-off in mothers between plasma and yolk T 3 , and we thus cannot conclude on the presence or absence of a regulatory mechanism for maternal transfer of yolk T 3 . The unchanged plasma T 3 concentrations together with the rapid decrease in plasma T 4 after implantation observed in captive females...

...Andrew Z. Wang; Jerry F. Husak ABSTRACT Limited resources must be partitioned among traits that enhance fitness. Although survival-related traits often trade off with reproduction, survival-related traits themselves may trade off with each other under energy limitations. Whole-organism performance...

... trade-off when resource allocation to one trait occurs at the expense of another, also producing potential transgenerational effects in the offspring. We evaluated whether concerted challenges, in the form of an immune inoculum against inactivated Salmonella enteritidis (immune challenge, ICH...

...Marina Giacomin; John O. Onukwufor; Patricia M. Schulte; Chris M. Wood ABSTRACT The osmorespiratory compromise is a physiological trade-off between the characteristics of the gill that promote respiratory gas exchange and those that limit passive flux of ions and water with the environment...

... were studied in detail, individual-level consequences of cohort splitting are still rather overlooked. Life history theory predicts that considerably increased growth and developmental rates should be traded off against other costly life history traits. However, it is not clear whether one should...

...Marina Giacomin; Heather J. Bryant; Adalberto L. Val; Patricia M. Schulte; Chris M. Wood ABSTRACT The characteristics of the fish gill that maximize gas exchange are the same that promote diffusion of ions and water to and from the environment; therefore, physiological trade-offs are likely...

... in overwintering ectotherms, but can we predict how changing winters will modify immunity and its role in winter survival? Winter Climate change Trade-offs Immune system Host–parasite interaction Ectothermic animals (see Glossary) face many challenges under climate change, including shifts...

... tension Trade-offs Inbreeding depression Oxygen availability in aquatic systems is often spatially and temporally variable ( Crispo and Chapman, 2008 ; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008 ). To match metabolic O 2 demands to low O 2 supply in hypoxic conditions, fishes use a variety of behavioural...