...-specific nature of long-term trade-offs associated with increased chronic activity. They also illustrate the importance of considering the costs of locomotion in studies of life-history strategies. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing interests The authors declare...

...Diego Sustaita; Mason A. Laurin ABSTRACT Differences in the physical and behavioral attributes of prey are likely to impose disparate demands of force and speed on the jaws of a predator. Because of biomechanical trade-offs between force and speed, this presents an interesting conundrum...

... of amphipod precopulatory mate guarding at night, but also increases pair separation during the day. Environmental change Maladaptation Pollution Precopulatory mate guarding Reproduction Trade-off Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007247...

... physiological programming and rates of senescence, possibly owing to trade-offs between allocating resources to the prioritized trait versus to body maintenance. This suggests that plasticity in developmental trajectories towards a common target leads to variation in the resilience and robustness of the adult...

... of energy expenditure research and highlights work on daily energy expenditure in primates, focusing specifically on measures of total energy expenditure. Energetics Evolution Ecology Environment Trade-off Wenner-Gren Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001388 7981...

... sexes under low humidity, but the humidity treatment did not interact with sex in determining CHC abundance. The data suggest that CHC profiles which protect crickets from desiccation might have synergistic effects on male attractiveness, as there was no evidence to suggest males trade-off a CHC profile...

... , M. A. and Flatt , T. ( 2016 ). Endocrine uncoupling of the trade-off between reproduction and somatic maintenance in eusocial insects . Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 16 , 1 - 8 . 10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.013 Rubner , M. ( 1908 ). Das Problem der Lebensdauer und seine...

.... Population-by-environment interaction Proxy cue Spine elongation Trade-off Phenotypic plasticity is a key element in the functioning of organisms in variable environments, and influences their evolution (e.g. Dewitt and Scheiner, 2004a ). A common definition of phenotypic plasticity...

...Andy J. Turko; Justine E. Doherty; Irene Yin-Liao; Kelly Levesque; Perryn Kruth; Joseph M. Holden; Ryan L. Earley; Patricia A. Wright ABSTRACT Metabolic rate and life-history traits vary widely both among and within species, reflecting trade-offs in energy allocation, but the proximate and ultimate...

...Felix B. Oberhauser; Eliza J. T. Middleton; Tanya Latty; Tomer J. Czaczkes ABSTRACT Engineered paths increase efficiency and safety but also incur construction and maintenance costs, leading to a trade-off between investment and gain. Such a trade-off is faced by Australian meat ants, which create...

... ecology. Energy is a fundamental currency to quantify these costs, as energetic trade-offs often exist between key fitness-related processes. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) comprises of resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy available for activity, which are linked via the energy management strategy...

...Ella Z. Lattenkamp; Samuel Kaiser; Rožle Kaučič; Martina Großmann; Klemen Koselj; Holger R. Goerlitz ABSTRACT Sensory systems experience a trade-off between maximizing the detail and amount of sampled information. This trade-off is particularly pronounced in sensory systems that are highly...

.... Agility is also constrained by grip, as the foot must have sufficient friction with the ground to apply the forces required for turning. Consequently, ground surface should affect optimum turning speed. We tested the speed–agility trade-off in buff-footed antechinus ( Antechinus mysticus ) on two...

... at withstanding short-term extreme thermal challenges but better able to survive moderate temperatures in the long term. This result supports the predicted trade-off between acute and chronic tolerance to thermal stress, and is consistent with the different thermal challenges that these stages encounter...

... to environmental conditions, for example, can trade off with growth to determine body size and condition at metamorphosis, which can affect adult survival and fecundity. However, it is unclear how use of energy and nutrients shape trade-offs across life-stage transitions because no studies have quantified...

...://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Costs of inflammation, partly mediated by Toll-like receptor expression, are related to range expansion in house sparrows invading Kenya. Invasion Pest species Enemy release Trade-off Energetics Many species are innocuous when introduced...

... increased limb flexion among these taxa with distally heavy limbs resulted in reduced MOI of the limb when compared with a neutral pose. A trade-off between exerting force to actively flex the limb and potential savings by a reduction of MOI is skewed towards reducing the limb's MOI as a result of MOI being...

... by or available to individuals in nature. Performance decreased significantly from a broad substrate to a narrow substrate, and lizards were three times slower on a complex substrate than the broadest substrate. We also detected trade-offs in running on substrates with different diameters and in cluttered versus...

...Viviana Marri; Heinz Richner Oxidative stress is the imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidants, which causes damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Antioxidants, like vitamins and carotenoids, can limit oxidative damage and can therefore regulate the trade-off between...

... selection corticosterone experimental evolution immune function trade-off trichinosis voluntary exercise wheel running A major theme in the field of ecological immunology ( Sheldon and Verhulst, 1996 ; Wikelski and Ricklefs, 2001 ; Martin et al., 2007 ) is the potential for physiological...