... secretions, immediate activation of toxins upon deployment and protection of the animal from the toxic effects of its own venom. This dynamic system could serve as a model for the study of a variety of different phenomena involving exocrine gland activation, protein synthesis, stabilization of protein...

... University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA (e-mail: [email protected] ) * These authors contributed equally to this work 13 7 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 toxin chemical defense flavin gastropod inking Opisthobranchia Several proteins isolated from...

... Androctonus australis with those from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii enabled us to understand the lack of effect of scorpion venom (110–180 μg ml −1 ) and purified toxins, which are active on voltage-gated Na + and K + channels, Ca 2+ -activated K + channels, on scorpion tissues. Voltage-clamp experiments...

... but transporter-independent accumulation does not belong to the known transport categories and seems to represent a new type of transport which may be important for understanding the mode of action of drugs and toxins. 15 3 1996 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 proton pump...